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Although thy breath be rude.

Heigh, ho! sing, heigh, ho! unto the green holly:
Most friendship is feigning, most loving meer folly:
Then, heigh, ho, the holly!

This life is most jolly. [Duke confers with orl.

SD.

8 Thou art not so unkind &c.] That is, thy action is not so contrary to thy kind, or to human nature, as the ingratitude of man. So, in our author's Venus and Adonis, 1593:

"O had thy mother borne so bad a mind,

"She had not brought forth thee, but dy'd unkind.”

Thy Tooth is not so keen,

Malone.

Because thou art not seen,] This song is designed to suit the Duke's exiled condition, who had been ruined by ungrateful flatterers. Now the winter wind, the song says, is to be preferred to man's ingratitude. But why? Because it is not seen. But this was not only an aggravation of the injury, as it was done in secret, not seen, but was the very circumstance that made the keenness of the ingratitude of his faithless courtiers. Without doubt, Shakspeare wrote the line thus:

Because thou art not sheen,

i. e. smiling, shining, like an ungrateful court-servant, who flatters while he wounds, which was a very good reason for giving the winter wind the preference. So, in A Midsummer Night's

Dream:

"Spangled star-light sheen."

And several other places. Chaucer uses it in this sense: "Your blissful sister Lucina the shene."

And Fairfax:

The sacred angel took his target shene,

"And by the Christian champion stood unseen."

The Oxford editor, who had this emendation communicated to him, takes occasion from hence to alter the whole line thus:

Thou causest not that teen.

But, in his rage of correction, he forgot to leave the reason, which is now wanting, Why the winter wind was to be preferred to man's ingratitude. Warburton.

I am afraid that no reader is satisfied with Dr. Warburton's

II.

Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
That dost not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot:

1

Though thou the waters warp,1
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friend remember'd not.2
Heigh, ho! sing, heigh, ho! &c.

emendation, however vigorously enforced; and it is indeed enforced with more art than truth. Sheen, i. e. smiling, shining. That sheen signifies shining, is easily proved, but when or where did it signify smiling? yet smiling gives the sense necessary in this place. Sir T. Hanmer's change is less uncouth, but too remote from the present text. For my part, I question whether the original line is not lost, and this substituted merely to fill up the measure and the rhyme. Yet even out of this line, by strong agitation may sense be elicited, and sense not unsuitable to the occasion. Thou winter wind, says Amiens, thy rudeness gives the less pain, as thou art not seen, as thou art an enemy that dost not brave us with thy presence, and whose unkindness is therefore not aggravated by insult. Johnson.

Though the old text may be tortured into a meaning, perhaps it would be as well to read:

Because the heart's not seen.

y harts, according to the ancient mode of writing, was easily corrupted. Farmer.

So, in the Sonnet introduced into Love's Labour's Lost: "Through the velvet leaves the wind

"All unseen 'gan passage find." Steevens.

Again, in Measure for Measure:

"To be imprison'd in the viewless winds." Malone.

1 Though thou the waters warp,] The surface of waters, so long as they remain unfrozen, is apparently a perfect plane; whereas, when they are, this surface deviates from its exact flatness, or warps. This is remarkable in small ponds, the surface of which, when frozen, forms a regular concave: the ice on the sides rising higher than that in the middle. Kenrick.

To warp was, probably, in Shakspeare's time, a colloquial word, which conveyed no distant allusion to any thing else, physical or mechanical. To warp is to turn, and to turn is to change: when milk is changed by curdling, we now say it is turned: when water is changed or turned by frost, Shakspeare says, it is curdled. To be warp'd is only to be changed from its natural state.

Johnson. Dr. Johnson is certainly right. So, in Cynthia's Revels, of Ben Jonson: "I know not, he's grown out of his garb a-late, he 's warp'd.-And so, methinks too, he is much converted." Thus

Duke S. If that you were the good sir Rowland's son,As you have whisper'd faithfully, you were;

And as mine eye doth his effigies witness

the mole is called the mould-warp, because it changes the appearance of the surface of the earth.

Act I:

Again, in The Winter's Tale,

"My favour here begins to warp."

Dr. Farmer supposes warp'd to mean the same as curdled, and adds, that a similar idea occurs in Timon:

66- the icicle

"That curdled by the frost," &c. Steevens.

Among a collection of Saxon adages in Hickes's Thesaurus, Vol. I, p. 221, the succeeding appears: pinter sceal gepeorpan peder, winter shall warp water. So that Shakspeare's expression was anciently proverbial. It should be remarked, that among the numerous examples in Manning's excellent edition of Lye's Dictionary, there is no instance of peoppan or gepeoɲpan, implying to freeze, bend, turn, or curdle, though it is a verb of very extensive signification.

Probably this word still retains a similar sense in the Northern part of the island, for in a Scottish parody on Dr. Percy's ellegant ballad, beginning, "O Nancy, wilt thou go with me," I find the verse" Nor shrink before the wintry wind," is altered to "Nor shrink before the warping wind.” H White.

The meaning is this: Though the very waters, by thy agency, are forced, against the law of their nature, to bend from their stated level, yet thy sting occasions less anguish to man, than the ingratitude of those he befriended. Henley.

Wood is said to warp when its surface, from being level, becomes bent and uneven; from warpan, Saxon, to cast. So, in this play, Act III, sc. iii: "- then one of you will prove a shrunk pannel, and, like green timber, warp, warp.” I doubt whether the poet here alludes to any operation of frost. The meaning may be only, Thou bitter wintry sky, though thou curlest the waters, thy sting, &c. Thou in the line before us refers only tobitter sky. The influence of the winter's sky or season may, with sufficient propriety, be said to warp the surface of the ocean, by agitation of its waves alone.

That this passage refers to the turbulence of the sky, and the consequent agitation of the ocean, and not to the operation of frost, may be collected from our author's having in King John described ice as uncommonly smooth:

"To throw a perfume on the violet,

"To smooth the ice," &c. Malone.

2 As friend remember'd not.] Remember'd for remembering. So afterwards, Act III, sc. last:

"And now I am remember'd —.”

i. e. and now that I bethink me, &c. Malone.

fortune,

Most truly limn'd, and living in your face,—
Be truly welcome hither: I am the duke,
That lov'd your father: the residue of your
Go to my cave and tell me.-Good old man,
Thou art right welcome as thy master is: 3
Support him by the arm.-Give me your hand,
And let me all your fortunes understand.

[Exeunt.

Sven

ACT III.....SCENE I

A Room in the Palace.

Enter Duke FREDERICK, OLIVER, Lords, and Attendants.

Duke F. Not see him since? Sir, sir, that cannot be: But were I not the better part made mercy,

I should not seek an absent argument

Of my revenge, thou present: But look to it;
Find out thy brother, wheresoe'er he is;

Seek him with candle; bring him dead or living,
Within this twelvemonth, or turn thou no more
To seek a living in our territory.

Thy lands, and all things that thou dost call thine,
Worth seizure, do we seize into our hands;
Till thou canst quit thee by thy brother's mouth,
Of what we think against thee.

Oli. O, that your highness knew my heart in this!
I never lov'd my brother in my life.

3

as thy master is:] The old copy has-masters. Corrected by the editor of the second folio. Malone.

4

an absent argument -] An argument is used for the contents of a book, thence Shakspeare considered it as meaning the subject, and then used it for subject in yet another sense. Johnson.

5 Seek him with candle;] Alluding, probably, to St. Luke's Gospel, ch. xv, v. 8: "If she lose one piece, doth she not light a candle, and seek diligently till she find it?" Steevens.

Seek him with candle ;] Seek him without intermission by night and by day;-let not the night shroud him from thy search-enjoy no rest until you find him.

Amer. Ed.

Duke F. More villain thou.-Well, push him out of

doors;

And let my officers of such a nature
Make an extent upon his house and lands:"
Do this expediently," and turn him going.

SCENE II.

The Forest.

Enter ORLANDO, with a paper.

8

[Exeunt.

Orl. Hang there, my verse, in witness of my love:
And, thou, thrice-crowned queen of night, survey
With thy chaste eye, from thy pale sphere above,
Thy huntress' name, that my full life doth sway.9
O Rosalind! these trees shall be my books,

And in their barks my thoughts I'll character;
That every eye, which in this forest looks,
Shall see thy virtue witness'd every where.
Run, run, Orlando; carve, on every tree,
The fair, the chaste, and unexpressive1 she.

[Exit.

[after hanging the paper on a tree

6 And let my officers of such a nature

Make an extent upon his house and lands:] "To make an extent of lands," is a legal phrase, from the words of a writ, (extendi facias) whereby the sheriff is directed to cause certain lands to be appraised to their full extended value, before he delivers them to the person entitled under a recognizance, &c. in order that it may be certainly known how soon the debt will be paid. Malone. 7 expediently,] That is, expeditiously. Johnson. Expedient, throughout our author's plays, signifies-expeditious. So, in King John:

8

"His marches are expedient to this town." Steevens.

thrice-crowned queen of night,] Alluding to the triple character of Proserpine, Cynthia, and Diana, given by some mythologists to the same goddess, and comprised in these memorial lines: Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana,

9

1

Ima, superna, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittis. Johnson.

that my full life doth sway.] So, in Twelfth Night: "M. O. A. I. doth sway my life." Steevens.

unexpressive] For inexpressible. Johnson.

Milton also, in his Hymn on the Nativity, uses unexpressive for inexpressible:

Harping with loud and solemn quire,

"With unexpressive notes to heaven's new-born heir."

VOL. V.

G

Malone.

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