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696 Churches first begun to be built in England. 711 Beverly Cathedral, Yorkshire, built.

718 The Saracens conquer Spain. Their progress

stopped in France, by Chas. Martel, in 732. 748 The computing of years from the birth of Christ, begun to be used in history.

761 Thirty thousand books burned by order of the Emperor Leo.

786 The surplice, a vestment of the Pagan priest, introduced into churches.

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800 Charlemagne, King of France, begins the Empire of Germany, afterwards called the Western Empire, and endeavours, in vain, to restore learning in Europe.

838 The Scots and Picts have a decisive battle, in which the former prevail, and both Kingdoms are united by Kennet, which begins

the second period of the Scottish history. 854 Church of St. Giles's, in Edinburgh, built. 867 The Danes begin their ravages in England. 871 Bath Springs discovered.

915 The University of Cambridge founded. 960 Castleton castle, in the Isle of Man, built. 989 Christianity established in Russia.

991 The figures in Arithmetic are brought into Europe, by the Saracens.

997 Durham founded.

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1000 Paper made of cotton rags comes into use. 1015 Children forbidden by law to be sold by their parents in England. Priests forbidden to

marry.

1025 Musical. Gamut invented.

1030 Bells baptized in churches.

1057 Malcolm HI. King of Scotland, kills the tyrant Macbeth, at Dunsinane.

1065 The Turks take Jerusalem from the Saracens.

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1068 Edgar Atheling flying from William the Conqueror, with his sisters, &c. is forced by stress of weather into the Frith of Forth. Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, at a visit falls in love with his sister Margaret, and marries her on the banks of the Forth, about nine miles N. W. of Edinburgh; whence the place obtained the name of the Queen's Ferry, which it still retains. 1075 Henry IV. Emperor of Germany, in

penance for his disrespect to the Papal power, walks barefooted to Rome, towards the end of January.

1078 Newcastle or Tyne founded.

1091 The Saracens in Spain being hard pressed by the Spaniards, call to their assistance, Joseph, King of Morocco; by which the Moors get possession of all the Saracen dominions in Spain.

1107 King's speech first delivered by Henry I. 1110 Edgar Atheling, the last of the Saxon Princes, dies in England, where he had been permitted to reside as a subject.

Learning revived in Cambridge.

1118 The order of the Knights Templars instituted, to defend the sepulchre at Jerusalem, and to protect Christian strangers.

1128 Abbey of Holyroodhouse founded.

1136 Cathedral of Glasgow founded.

1140 King Stephen grants liberty to his nobles to build castles; in consequence of which 1100 are erected in 14 years.

1142 Aberystwith castle built.

1150 Cyprus taken by the English.

1151 The canon law collected by Gratian, a monk of Bologna.

1163 London bridge, consisting of nineteen small arches, first built of stone.

1164 The Teutonic order of religious knights bes gins in Germany.

1170 Paper first made of linen rags.

1171 Thomas Becket murdered. Made a saint next year, and his bones enshrined in gold and set with jewels 1220.

1176 England divided into six circuits, and justice dispensed by itinerant judges.

1180 Glass windows begun to be used in private houses in England. Beedon castle, in Cheshire, built.

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1181 The laws of England digested about this time, by Glanville.

1182 Pope Alexander III. compelled the Kings of England and France to hold the stirrups of his saddle when he mounted his horse.

1186 The great conjunction of the sun and moon and all the planets in Libra, happened in September.

1192 The battle of Ascalon, in Judea, in which Richard, King of England, defeats Saladine's army, consisting of 300,000 comba

tants.

1194 Dieu et mon Droit, first used as a motto by Richard, on a victory over the French.

1200 Chimnies were not known in England. Surnames now begin to be used; first among the Nobility.

1201 Cities first incorporated.

1227 The Tartars, a new race of barbarians, under Gingis-Kan, emerge from the northern parts. of Asia, conquer the greatest part of that continent, and in 22 years destroy upwards of 14 millions of people.

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1229 Mariner's compass invented by Murphy, a Dutchman.

1233 The inquisition, begun in 1204, is now trusted to the Dominicans. The houses of London, and other cities in England, France, and Germany, still thatched with straw. Thunder and lightning for 15 days together. 1252 Magnifying glasses invented by Roger Bacon. 1253. The famous astronomical tables are composed by Alonzo, King of Castile.

1260 Mariner's compass publicly exhibited at Venice.

1262 Baliol college, Oxford, founded.

1263 Acho, King of Norway, invades Scotland, with 160 sail, and lands 20,000 men, at the mouth of the Clyde, but most of them are cut to pieces by Alexander III. whọ recovers the Western Isles.

1264 The commons of England have a place in parliament.

1269 The Hamburgh company incorporated in England.

1280 Pulvis fulminans and Gunpowder invented by Roger Bacon.

1284 Aberconway castle built.

1296 Bolton castle, in Yorkshire, built.

1298 Silver-hafted knives, spoons, and cups, a great luxury. Splinters of wood generally used for lights. Wine sold by apothecaries as a cordial.

1299 Windmills invented.

1310 Lincoln's Inn Society established.

1314 The battle of Bannockburn between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in which the English are overthrown with prodigious slaughter, and all their boasted pretensions of sovereignty utterly dissipated.

1316 Exeter College, Oxford, founded by the bishop of Exeter.

1329 Robert I. the deliverer of Scotland, dies of the leprosy, and desires his heart to be sent to Jerusalem. His great General, Douglas, undertakes to execute the commission, but is killed in a battle with the Moors in Barbary.

1336 Two Brabant weavers settle at York, which, says Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us and our subjects.

1337 The first comet, whose course is described. with an astronomical exactness.

1340 Gunpowder first suggested as useful for warlike purposes, by Swartz, a monk of Cologne, 1346; Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy. Oil painting first made use of, by John Vaneck. Herald's college instituted in England. 1314 The first creation to titles by patent used by Edward III. Gold first coined in Eng

land.

1346 The battle of Durham, in which David, King of Scots, is taken prisoner.

1349 The order of the Garter instituted in England, by Edward III.

1351 Bennet college, Cambridge, founded by Henry of Monmouth, Duke of Lancaster.

1352 The Turks first enter Europe.

1354 The money in Scotland till now the same as in England.

1357 Coals first brought to London,

1358 Arms of England and France first quartered by Edward III.

1383 The first Earl Marshal in England,

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