fellowship, and seek to give it free course, and trust ourselves to its influence. We can, by calm and sympathetic counsel, guard the spiritual truths of politics from being degraded into party cries. We can bring home to the conscience of the nation that as long as life is centred in the perishable things of sense, 'wherein companionship is one with loss,' there must be envyings and strife; that the popular acceptance of a material standard of prosperity must be the fertile source of war; and that peace will then finally be established when the test of well-being and of greatness for peoples, as for men, is found in generosity of service. In all these ways we can, each in the natural sphere of our influence, kindle sympathy and discipline individual feeling; we can contribute to form that public opinion which becomes more and more necessary for the right conduct of affairs."

THE UNIVERSAL PEACE CONGRESS.-PARIS, 1889.

THE opening meeting of the Congress was held in one of the halls of the Palace of the Trocadero (which had been lent by the Government for that purpose), on the afternoon of the 23rd June.

The chair was taken by M. FREDERIC PASSY, who was supported by the Honorary Presidents, M. Franck, Member of the Institute, and M. Charles Lemonnier, President of the International League of Peace and Liberty, and by a large number of prominent and representative delegates. Among these were MM. Desmoulins, Jules Gaillard, Barodet, Conturier, Jacques, Thiandière, Lyonnais, Gaufres, Mesdames Desmoulins, Julie Toussaint, Marie Taxil, and others, representing France; M. Moneta (Editor of Il Secolo, Milan), MM. Mazzolini, Cavalotti, Pandolfi, and the Marquis Alfieri de Sostago, VicePresident of the Italian Senate, from Italy; Baron St. Georges-Armstrong, representing South America; Madame Marie Goegg, Switzerland; Madame Fischer-Lette, Germany; M. Fred. Bajer, M.P., Denmark; Miss P. H. Peckover, Mrs. Richardson, Miss R. B. Braithwaite, Miss Jackson, and Messrs. W. R. Cremer, M.P., Hodgson Pratt, W. Evans Darby, Felix Moscheles, Thomas Snape (Liverpool), George Gillett (London), J. G. Alexander (do.), Howard Evans (do.), Arthur O'Neill, Arthur Albright, Joseph Sturge, W. Gilliver, Thomas and Frank Wright (Birmingham), and others, representing England; and Rev. R. B. Howard, Dr. Miner, Mrs. Deyo, Mr. F. B. Gillman (Cambridge, Mass.), Dr. and Mrs. Thomas (Baltimore), Mrs. Belva Lockwood, and Mr. J. B. Wood (Philadelphia), representing America.

The hall was well filled by a respectable and enthusiastic audience, evidently all friends of Peace.

M. PASSY'S SPEECH.

THE PRESIDENT made a very vigorous and eloquent speech. He began his address by thanking the large number of delegates who had responded to the invitation of the Committee of Organisation, and by according them a hearty welcome, as representatives of the Peace Societies of the whole world.' It was, he said, a sign of the times that so many people, separated from each other by geographical distance, language, manners, customs, and religion, should unite in this way for a common work, and, by such a reunion as this, show that in spite of all that separated them, the hearts and minds of all were in full accord. La Fontaine, speaking of a serpent cut in pieces, had said—

"The parted fragments strive to reunite,

But sadly fail-the task transcends their might."

Humanity, on the contrary, does recover itself, and thanks to the efforts of noble and disinterested men, the broken unity of the great human family will yet be restored.

This demonstration has its importance for France, meeting as it does in the midst of the marvels of her Exhibition, which is nothing else than a great Pacific Congress. This year 1889 will be a glorious date, of which the nations will preserve an im perishable memory. The labour,

amid the struggle f

of the human

tation of

ут

nity of

It repre

things; the Congress declares the fraternity of man. sents morally the élite of mankind, and is composed of the delegates of a large number of Peace Societies, which have ramifications still more numerous, who have yielded no tardy response to the invitation of the Committee. There are also present, representatives of various Legislatures, who will not only hold, in the approaching Parliamentary Conference, a temporary sitting of the great Parliament of nations, but have been pleased to take part in the proceedings of this Congress.

All the world is interested in this Peace Congress. Circulars inviting foreign Parliaments to meet in conference have been transmitted through the embassies and representatives of foreign Governments, some of whom have even made, in some measure, an official adhesion to the Congress. The VicePresident of the United States, for instance, has sent the following inscription for the reduced copy of the statue of "Liberty lighting the world": "It is not armies nor treasures that constitute the wealth of a nation, but friends." And it should also be mentioned that the United States Legation in Paris had a translation of these official circulars made in English, and sent with a warm recommendation to Members of the Legislature at Washington. The Consul of the Republic of Venezuela has also sent these circulars, accompanied with this note: "For a long time the Republic of Venezuela has adopted both the doctrine and practice of Arbitration, and her constitution contains this principle, that no treaty shall be signed without a special clause of Arbitration being inserted therein."

Sceptics may deride, but these are undeniable and important results. Undoubtedly we cannot presume to assure a universal Peace; but we make progress every day we go forward; we ascend higher and higher continually; and our motto is that of the American poet-" Excelsior."

Arbitration has now entered into the current practice of nations, in proof of which may be instanced recent Arbitrations between England and Germany, between Germany and the United States, etc. To-day every one knows that the risks of a war are very great, and nobody is in a hurry to engage in adventures of hazard, the final result of which is not known. Arbitration is becoming the rule of the world. It is for the Congress to promote the introduction of this practice more widely among humanity.

It is probable, undoubtedly, that the Congress may not have very large results as its immediate consequences, but its future results, which will be surely realised some day or other, may be illimitable. We must say, with M. Gratry, that war against War is the true crusade of the times in which we live. War is

a social evil; War is a national evil. War against War! But if we are friends of humanity, and friends of other nations, we are also friends of our own country, as the other nations are of theirs. And it is for that reason we are proud of France, who extends her hospitality to the Universal Peace Congress and the first International Parliamentary Conference. A few days ago M. Chautemps, President of the Municipal Council of Paris, said, when receiving M. Polydore de Keyser in the Hôtel de Ville: "We desire that this Council Chamber of Paris should be the Council Chamber of the friends of the fraternity of nations." And we, too, desire that France might be the common land of all the friends of Peace, Liberty, and Fraternity, and of all the friends of Law, against which Force never ought to prevail, but which ought always to be superior to Force. Carnot was "the organiser of victory." We have to-day, at the head of the French Republic, another Carnot, who will be the organiser of Peace and of general well-being. Civilisation is Peace; War is only a return to barbarism. The Revolution of 1789 adopted the declaration of "the rights of man." The most worthy manner of celebrating the centenary of this act would be to decree "the declaration of the rights of nations," which should permit a common promotion of happiness, wealth, and liberty.

M. FRANCK'S SPEECH.

M. FRANCK, President of the French Society of the Friends of Peace, who is over eighty years of age, followed with an excellent address. He said :

"The eighty years which have passed over my head have, in great degree, taken away from me, besides many other things,

my sense of hearing. Incapable of taking any part in your subsequent discussions, I wish at least to show the constancy of my faith in the triumph, more or less near, of the cause which you are here defending, and to which, in my capacity of President of the French Peace Society, I have consecrated nearly twenty years of my life. An old invalid of this Peace army against war, I resemble those old soldiers out of service whom age has condemned to repose. When by chance they hear the drum or the bugle of a troop on the march, immediately they rush out of their asylum and try to resume their place in the ranks.

"In spite of the formidable war in which twenty years ago we were the actors and the victims, I believe Peace is stronger than War, as civilisation is stronger than the savage instincts. But, in order to succeed in this contest, and to hasten the triumphant end, we must not shut our eyes to the severe laws which govern human society.

"War has been necessary. I ought even to say that it was relatively beneficial at one time. It has put order in the place of primitive chaos, authority in the place of anarchy, discipline in place of the conflict of individual wishes and passions, abnegation and heroism in the place of many weaknesses and cowardices. Hence War has inspired, among all people, the chief poems, and it has been an object of universal admiration. Hence, too, it has succeeded in captivating men, because to strength and courage it has united intelligence. It has become a science which needs the co-operation of all other sciences, especially when it is represented by engineering, by artillery, and by the

navy.

"But this dominating power, so cruel, so terrible, so powerful, ought now to give place to kindlier institutions, such as justice, charity, liberty, religion, philosophy, art, science, and industry. These may be called by a single name-Civilisation. Civilisation changes camps into cities, soldiers into citizens, enemies into brothers. There is no legislation where these are absent. Those who flatter themselves in the hope of elevating men and reconciling one with the other by the culture of selfinterest, and by the adoration of matter, fall into a great error.

"Civilisation and Peace are no longer possible where hatreds exist; hatreds of race, of religion, of caste, of party. You remember that beautiful chapter in Isaiah, foretelling a time when the lion shall dwell with the lamb, and the swords shall be changed into ploughshares.

"In modern times, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there have been eminently pacific publicists and philosophers, such as M. de Saint-Pierre, M. Saint-Simon (the famous author of Memoires"); Kant and Bentham, who prescribe Peace as the only base of a reasonable policy. One of the Kings of France, Henry IV., had anticipated these philosophers. Then in the nineteenth century, Societies and Congresses have been formed by apostles of Peace, such as John Bright and Henry Richard in England, Dr. Channing in America, and he who still presides in the midst of us, my fellow member and friend, Frederick Passy.

"Is this all? No. We also have to observe cheering progress in the ranks even of diplomatists and politicians, and in the arrangement of International Treaties. It is too often forgotten, that the principle of International Arbitration, without being instituted in the obligatory rule of public right, is inscribed in the Treaty of Paris, dated the 30th March, 1853.

"The 60th Protocol of the Congress of Paris of 1856, ended with the wish, which the Plenipotentiaries of Austria, France, England, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, did not hesitate to express in the name of their Governments: That the States between which there might arise any serious dissent, before calling to arms, should have recourse, as far as the circumstances admitted, to the good services of a powerful friend. The plenipotentiaries, moreover, expressed a hope that the Governments not represented at the Congress would also agree to this course. The Congress here present, in order to assume a practical character, ought to consecrate its first and greatest efforts to obtain, it may be by negociations, it may be by parliamentary discussions, it may be by the voice of the European people, that the Paris Protocol may become an obligatory rule of International Law. The other

projects announced in your programme are good, but they are not urgent and are not likely to attain early success."

M. CHARLES LEMONNIER.

M. LEMONNIER said that the present Congress was rendered specially important by the number of the Societies represented. There have been, he added, since the beginning of the century, three generations which have worked for the promotion of Peace. Six Congresses have been held, one of which that in 1849-was under the presidency of Victor Hugo; but no one had before this one the twofold quality of being really universal and international.

War has deep roots in all parts of the world. It is necessary to cut off these roots. The great difficulty is to carry on this work with as much energy as perseverance, and without losing heart. The right of Peace includes the right of defence. The Exhibition is wholly a Peace Congress; but, in connection with it, we must think of the great Fête of Federation of 1790, which established the French nation, and which ought to be celebrated in 1890 by the establishment of the Federation of Man.

M. Lemonnier expressed his thanks to the ladies who had come to take part, on equal terms with men, in the work of the Congress. The work of Peace is the work of women, at least as much as the work of men, and the presence of women doubles the influence of the Congress.

MRS. LOCKWOOD.

At the close of this speech, the PRESIDENT presented a large bouquet of flowers to Mrs. BELVA LOCKWOOD (who had been seated on his right), asking her to accept them on behalf of the ladies, and of the country she represented, and to interpret their significance. She replied, in English, in an appropriate and graceful speech, which was rendered into French by M. Passy.

M. GASTON MORIN.

M. GASTON MORIN, the Secretary of the Congress, read his Report, from which it appeared that quite a hundred Societies had responded to the invitation of the Committee; and many individuals had sent letters of adhesion, who regretted to be unable to take part in the proceedings of the Congress, but would follow them with interest and sympathy.

BRAZIL.-M. NERIS.

M. DE SANTA ANNA NERIS, General Commissioner from Brazil at the Exhibition, asked permission to make a communication to the Congress. He had just received a telegram from Brazil, informing him that the Governments of the ARGENTINE REPUBLIC and of BRAZIL had submitted to ARBITRATION a difference between them, relative to certain territory, the Arbitrator selected being the President of the United States. This news was the more important, he said, because this territory had, for a long time, been a source of contention, almost certain to end in war. The satisfactory result of this Arbitration would result in a still further reduction, to 3,000 men, of the army of the immense Empire of Brazil, with a territory equal to one-fifth of Europe, but the strength of whose army now stands at 12,000 men.

ORDER OF THE CONGRESS.

On the order of the day being called, M. ESCHENAUER proposed that the Committee of Organisation should form the Bureau of the Congress, whose functions were defined, in the rules, to be that it should have direction of the work of the Congress, and fix the order of the day for each sitting. This proposition was accepted, and the Bureau appointed by accla mation.

M. MAZZOLINI.

M. MAZZOLINI, a Member of the Italian Parliament, then said that in the capacity of a member of the Lombard Peace Union, and in the name of the friends in Italy, who had de

MONDAY'S SITTINGS (JUNE 24TH).

The Congress reassembled next day at the Mairie (or Town Hall) of the XVIth Arrondissement, Place Saint Sulpice. A series of Sub-committees was formed, corresponding to the various sections of the programme, each section being considered by the Committee which took it in charge. Members took their seats on each Committee without formal appointment, and as they were drawn by interest in the subject, or by personal inclination; the forenoon was occupied by the discussion of the various topics in the Committees which were scattered throughout the room, and carried on their proceedings together, an arrangement, however, not tending to silence and order.

At half-past two o'clock the Congress met for general discussion. M. LEMONNIER took up the first section of the programme, and moved a resolution, expressing the desire of the Congress to see nations concluding among themselves, as soon as possible, permanent treaties of Arbitration. REPORT

OF FIRST COMMITTEE. ARBITRATION
AMERICA AND EUROPE.

BETWEEN

Mr. HOWARD EVANS, in an earnest and effective speech, appealed to the United States of America to take the lead in the Arbitration movement.

Mrs. BELVA LOCKWOOD replied by reading an address which she had prepared and printed, copies of which, in French, were distributed to the members.

After a speech by the Marquis ALFIERI, the report of the First Committee, which had been dealing with the sections of the programme referring to Arbitration, was presented by Mr. HODGSON PRATT, the President of the Committee.

As the discussion proceeded, one of the English delegates requested that the conclusions and resolutions of the Committee should be printed and distributed, before proceeding to the vote. This was agreed to, and the discussion adjourned until the next day.

TUESDAY'S SITTINGS (JUNE 25TH).

MR. DARBY'S PAPER.

At the close of the morning sittings of the various Committees, Mr. W. EVANS DARBY, Secretary of the Peace Society, read a Paper before the Congress on the question, "How may Arbitration promote Disarmament?" The Paper was well received by the Assembly, and its various points rendered into French by M. Passy, who expressed himself as being in perfect accord with the conclusions of the Paper.

Mr.

ARTHUR

An interesting conversation followed. ALBRIGHT, in speaking to a suggestion in Mr. Darby's Paper, relative to the 25th Clause of the Treaty of Paris, in 1856, made a casual reference to the work done by Mr. Joseph Sturge, and others. By the association of ideas, the memory of Mr. HENRY RICHARD, M.P., was recalled; and, after speeches by Mг. THOMAS SNAPE, Mr. W. EVANS DARBY, Mr. HODGSON PRATT, and M. F. PASSY, referring in touching and sympathetic terms to Mr. Richard, it was agreed that a Committee be formed, consisting of M. Gaston Morin, Mr. W. Evans Darby, and Mr. Thomas Snape, to prepare a MEMORIAL, to be submitted to the Congress, expressing appreciation of Mr. Richard's life and labours, and sympathy with Mrs. RICHARD, to whom a copy should be sent.

RESOLUTIONS ON ARBITRATION CLAUSES IN TREATIES, &c. In the afternoon sitting of the Congress, the report of the First Committee was again considered, and Resolutions adopted

to the effect that an Arbitration Clause should be inserted in every Treaty between States; that the principle of Arbitration should be considered one of the fundamental bases in the constitution of each State, the autonomy of which shall be recognised by all other States; that in anticipation of the establishment of a permanent International Tribunal, the Congress should invite every State, in signing treaties with other States, to designate beforehand the jurists who shall be members of the Arbitral Tribunal; that the conclusion of the Congress is that public opinion in all civilised nations would be sufficient to enforce arbitral decisions, and to dispense with the intervention of our International police; and that the Congress desires that, as soon as possible, permanent Arbitration Treaties should be concluded between nations, according to the principles enunciated in these Resolutions; this last being virtually the proposition which had been made by M. Lemonnier on the previous day.

MR. SNAPE ON MR. RICHARD.

Mr. THOS. SNAPE submitted the Resolution which had been prepared by the Committee appointed at the morning sitting, and in doing so said :--" In formally proposing the Resolution which has been prepared by your Committee, I do so with strong feelings of affection and regard for our revered friend, with whom I was brought into close association for many years, both by correspondence and co-operation, as my honoured leader in our great work. I cannot trust myself, therefore, to speak as I could wish, about his noble character and beautiful life. But I have confidence that no words of mine are needed to commend this Resolution to your sympathetic acceptance and your unanimous support."

The RESOLUTION, which was adopted unanimously, was as follows:-"That at this International Congress of Arbitration and Peace, an expression of deep sorrow be recorded at the death of HENRY RICHARD, M.P., and of earnest recognition of the labours of his honoured life in the sacred cause, whose interests the Congress has met to promote. To him it was due that an Arbitration Clause was introduced into the Treaty of Paris of 1856. He was the first member of the British House of Commons who succeeded in obtaining Parliamentary sanction to a Resolution in favour of International Arbitration, a Resolution that has since been adopted by six of the European Parliaments, and by the Congress of the United States. His efforts, both in Parliament and out, in Great Britain and Ireland, and throughout Europe, in favour of the mutual reduction of armaments and the diminution of the ruinous war-expenditure which so widely prevails; and his great influence, eloquence and ability, ever exercised on behalf of human brotherhood and International Peace, entitle him to the undying gratitude of this Congress and of the world. The members of the Congress desire that a copy of this Resolution shall be sent to Mrs. RICHARD, accompanied by their respectful sympathy at the loss of the beloved husband and companion of her life.”

THE PRINCIPLE OF FEDERATION.

M. GROUSIER Submitted the Report of the Third Committee; and notice was given of two propositions; one by Mr. HODGSON PRATT, on FEDERATION; and the other, by M. DESTREM, on the International application of the principle of FEDERATION; whereupon the Congress adjourned.

WEDNESDAY'S SITTINGS (26TH JUNE).

NEUTRALISATION OF TERRITORIES.

ON the opening of the Congress, M. DESMOULINS submitted the report of the Second Committee, embodying resolutions relating to the NEUTRALISATION OF TERRITORIES, with special reference to the three SCANDINAVIAN STATES and SWITZERLAND. These were discussed and adopted seriatim.

Mr. HODGSON PRATT subsequently re-introduced the report of the Third Committee, and moved the Resolution of which he had given notice, which was adopted, as was also that of M. DESTREM.

THURSDAY'S SITTINGS (27TH JUNE).

INTERNATIONAL LAW, &C.

AT the morning meeting, the report of the Fifth Committee, on INTERNATIONAL LAW, was read by Mr. THOMAS SNAPE, and a series of Resolutions adopted, affirming the necessity of establishing a complete system of INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION, and of preparing an INTERNATIONAL CODE, and indicating some of the reforms to be introduced into International Law, and the principles which should regulate the relations between civilised and uncivilised nations.

Some interest was awakened, at the close of the meeting, by the announcement that the MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS, M. YVES GUYOT, had issued, to the members of the Congress, cards of invitation to his reception, which would be held at the Palace of the Ministry on Saturday evening. Also that the PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC Would send invitations to a garden party, to be held at the Palace of the Elysée on Sunday afternoon; this privilege, however, was afterwards nominally confined to members of the Parliamentary Conference.

AT the afternoon sitting, which was the last, and, in many respects, the most interesting of any, M. GASTON MORIN announced that he had received a letter from THE HAGUE, saying that the representatives of Holland were in full accord with their friends of Peace in the old and new worlds.

The discussion on the report of the Sixth Committee was then submitted. It began by recommending a Resolution, which was carried unanimously," That the Congress honours the memory of JOHN BRIGHT, HENRY RICHARD, JEAN DOLLFUS, M. BEAUSSIRE, and M. GODIN, who rendered so many services to the cause of humanity." Other Resolutions followed, on the adoption of a conventional language, and the appointment of a permanent Committee for the promotion of a Congress on language; on the principle that no annexation should be considered legitimate unless made with the free consent of the peoples concerned; and recommending the unification of the meridian and the calendar. The first of these elicited considerable difference of opinion, Messrs. F. MOSCHELES, F. G. ALEXANDER, and others conducting a very spirited discussion, which ended in the carrying of the resolution and the appointment of the Committee.

Mr. R. B. HOWARD'S ADDRESS.

While the report of this Committee was before the Congress, the special subject being the recommendation of permanent Treaties of Arbitration, the Rev. R. B. HOWARD, of Boston, U.S.A., spoke with special reference to the need and practicability of such a Treaty between the two leading Republics of the world-France and the United States of America. He emphasised the fact that America was not only the receptacle of all nations, but the university which trained them in liberty and respect for law. Among its citizens were the people of every nation of Europe, and through them it learned to exercise an intelligent sympathy with diverse peoples and became deeply interested in their social and political well-being, both in their old homes as well as in the new ones they had made.

The people of America were no invidious critics on other forms of government, but were fond of their own free institutions. Born in the same travail of ideas which, a century since, made the present Republic of France possible, honouring great Frenchmen, loving Lafayette as they did Washington, conceding the indisputable greatness of France, which has now expression in an unequalled Exposition of industry, trade, and art; the American people would be especially glad to unite with France, as with Great Britain and other countries, in a permanent Treaty which should solemnly promise: "We will, in every case of dispute, arbitrate before we fight. We will settle our differences not by the sword, but by reason, conscience, and common sense. The justice which both nations alone seek, can be found in law, not in force." Will the French people unite with us in such a Treaty, not only to avoid any possible future difficulties, but to set an example to the world of its two greatest Republics, ruled by the people themselves, walking hand in hand the same road which all nations ought to take?

Pasteur Eschenauer, of Paris, formerly of Strasburg, gave a spirited rendering of Mr. Howard's appeal in the French language. The applause was hearty.

This Committee also received and read a paper by Mr. Howard, entitled, "The New Sympathy of the Nations," in a French version. It expressed warm approval of its sentiments.

HIGH COURT OF ARBITRATION, &C.

Mr. HODGSON PRATT proposed the adoption of the project for a HIGH COURT OF ARBITRATION, which had been prepared by the late Mr. LEONE LEVI, and revised at the instance of the London Peace Society and the International Arbitration and Peace Association, and which had been submitted to the Congress in a joint note, signed by the respective secretaries of these bodies, Mr. W. Evans Darby and Mr. J. F. Green.

This was seconded by the Rev. R. B. HOWARD, who said that Professor Levi's scheme had been before the Executive Committee of the American Peace Society, and had been examined and discussed section by section. It was finally approved by that Committee, as being, on the whole, the wisest and most practical scheme yet proposed, and, with some minor changes, they were prepared to recommend its endorsement by the Congress.

On the motion of Mr. HODGSON PRATT, a series of Resolutions on the promotion of INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION was adopted, Mr. MATKIN proposed that a list of the costs of war and peace, in all nations of the world, be prepared and published as soon as possible, which was adopted with acclamation.

The ABBÉ PARIS, editor of Desarmament, submitted a num. ber of Resolutions relating to political elections, and the zealous pursuit of the Peace propaganda; and, in some very earnest words, roused the enthusiasm of the Congress, urging personal activity, and the adoption of some practical course of action, and especially the formation of a Committee for the propagation of Peace sentiment, and the summoning of another Congress, to which all Peace Societies should be invited, without distinction of nationality or religion. This was agreed to. He was ably seconded by M. MONETA, and others. Thanks were voted to Mr. J. G. ALEXANDER, on the motion of M. DESMARETS, for the able services he had rendered in translating the English speeches into French.

The Rev. Dr. MINER, of Boston, in a brief but telling speech, pleaded for an extension of the exemption list from military service, so as to include especially the poorer classes upon whom the actual burden of war fell.

Mrs. DEYO, of America, spoke in the name of the mothers, and thanked the promoters of the Congress for their reception of foreigners. She distributed an address which she had prepared in French, but did not read.

Mr. J. B. WOOD, of Philadelphia, presented the report of the Fourth Committee, proposing a series of Resolutions, recommending the introduction of the principles of Arbitration into UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE and SCHOOL INSTRUCTION, the publication of pacific school books and tracts, and that special steps should be taken to interest principals and teachers of Schools and Colleges in the subject.

On the motion of Mr. W. EVANS DARBY, the Congress resolved that a MEMORIAL be presented, under the care of the Bureau, to the Governments of all civilised nations, requesting them to adopt such diplomatic measures as may lead to the establishment of a permanent Treaty, or Court of Arbitration, or to such other means as will ensure speedy, simultaneous, proportionate and general disarmament.

Also, on the motion of Mr. W. EVANS DARBY, it was resolved that ANOTHER PEACE CONGRESS should be held next year, the various Peace Societies being invited to make the necessary preparations.

M. PASSY.

A motion of thanks to M. PASSY, for his able presidency, being offered, representatives of the various nationalities present were designated to support it. Mr. HODGSON PRATT spoke for the English, M. F. MAZZOLINI for the Italians, M. BAJER for Denmark and Switzerland, and M. DESMOULINS for France. Mr. R. B. HOWARD (for the American section)

remarked that they had been peculiarly happy in their selection of a gentleman to preside, who, by his long and faithful services to the cause of Peace, was now universally known and honoured by its friends and advocates; while his undisturbed good nature and exemplary patience, his wisdom and tact, had largely contributed to the success of the Congress.

M. PASSY responded in a felicitous speech, cordially acknowledging the compliments he had received and the sympathy shown him amid the difficulties of his position. The labour of the Congress, he said, would not be fruitless; and when they met again next year, he hoped it would be with an accession of numbers and strength.

With the adoption of another Resolution, requesting the President to present officially to the Parliamentary Conference the Resolutions of this Congress, for its practical endorsement, the sittings of the International and Universal Peace Congress came to a close.

(A Report of the Parliamentary Congress is to appear next month.)

PARAGUAY.-SLAUGHTER IN WAR.

SELDOM, in the history of nations, has there been known such a terrible process of depopulation, through war, as that which, a few years ago, during the awful three years' war of 1866-67, swept off hundreds of thousands of the population of Paraguay, in the heart of South America. At the beginning of the contest, the inhabitants of that country numbered one million and a-quarter. In three years, this had been reduced to one-quarter of a million. That is to say, one million people had been killed, or driven into exile! The fatality, ruin, suffering, agony and loss, thus resulting, was frightful.

The Manchester Geographical Society, in its journal,

remarks::

Never in the history of the world had a whole nation so bravely fought against overwhelming odds, and in a quarrel which could bring them so little advantage. The history of this war has been well told by Thompson, Washburne and Masterman, and the story of the last reads like a romance. The story of the defence made by Thompson may, in its way, be compared with the defence of Sebastopol, a few years previously-cannon, the bayonet, famine, cholera, fever, smallpox, and disease of every kind, almost blotted the nation out for a time, but it is now under happier auspices, raising its head and preparing to take its proper place among the republics of South America.

All those who have ever visited Paraguay come back with tales which create a strong desire on the part of their listeners to go and do likewise. It is the garden of South America, and a very El Dorado for over-worked men; for since the war with Brazil, which almost exterminated the male population, the rule has been reversed in Paraguay, and instead of men working while women are weeping, the bulk of the work is done by women, and man, poor man, looks on and smiles. It is perhaps a just retribution that as the beautiful Madame Lynch, better known as Madame Lopez, was the cause of the terrible war which was kept up by Paraguay for five years against the combined forces of Brazil, the Argentines, and Uruguay, her sex have been obliged for the last eighteen years, to labour to keep themselves alive and their little Republic from extinction. Not many years ago the proportion of women to men was in the ratio of 20 to 1. Gradually the women's majority is becoming less marked, and in the neighbourhood of the capital, Asuncion, the chief point of attraction for immigrants, the proportion is now said not to be more than two to one in favour of the fair sex. But the effects of the mad struggle in whith President Lopez engaged to gratify the ambition of his mistress, by proclaiming himself emperor of South America, are shown only too clearly by the census returns. In 1857 the population numbered 1,337,439; at the beginning of 1873 an official return gave the number of inhabitants as only 221,079; and the last census, taken in March, 1887, gave only 329,688 as the total. There are now signs that prosperity is reviving in Paraguay. The country has almost everything in its favour-namely, position, climate, and natural resources. The Paraguay River, which runs through it, is navigable for big steamers right up to

the capital; the climate is mild and extraordinarily healthy, and the soil surprises European emigrants by its fertility. Well wooded, and watered by numerous rivers, it only requires the introduction of capital and intelligent labour to render it almost as prosperous as its Argentine neighbour. That the population has not hitherto increased more rapidly is due partly to the fact that European emigrants have found what they required in Brazil and the Argentines, and have not found it necessary to go inland to Paraguay. Then, although in Paraguay, women so superabundant, in the Argentine Republic the opposite is the case, and great numbers of the Paraguayan ladies have left their country to console the Argentino bachelors. Thus, while the tide of emigration is slowly turning towards Paraguay, and Italians in especial are making their way there, the efflux of the surplus women to other countries, while preventing a rapid rise in the population, is gradually diminishing the enormous disproportion between the sexes. That there is a great future for Paraguay is probable, and, as usual, the Germans are the quickest to perceive it. An apathy seems to have fallen on British traders, and if they do not rouse themselves from it, they will presently see the commerce of South America pass altogether into German hands.

AUSTRIAN BISHOPS.

ENGLISH Bishops are provided for liberally, but they are poor compared with some others. The Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna has only about £6,000 a year, it is true; but the Cardinal Archbishop of Olmutz has £40,000, the Cardinal Archbishop of Prague £35,000, and the Archbishop of Erlru £60,000. Luckier Grau, who has £80,000 a year. than all is the Primate of Hungary, the Cardinal Archbishop of

A GOOD LANDLORD.

SIR EDWARD DENNY, Bart., Tralee Castle, died recently, unmarried, at the great age of ninety-two years. He had an income, from property in Ireland, of £13,000 a year. Most of his life was passed in a dingy cottage in College Street, Islington, and the whole of his income, except what was given to his poor relations, was spent among the Plymouth Brethren, one branch of which acknowledged him as teacher and leader. The spoons and forks in the College Street establishment were of horn or wood, and the late baronet's personal expenditure was in keeping with this arrangement. While still a young man Sir Edward Denny was "converted" by the preaching of the late John Nelson Darby.-Christian Commonwealth.

FRENCH "GLORY."

"I NEVER felt more miserable, or more indignant, or more disgusted in my life, than when I went to Versailles, this year, to see the great palace of the kings of France, dedicated, as they said, to the glories of France.' I found that there were twenty miles of pictures. I did not walk all the twenty miles, but I walked a good many of them, and I was wading through blood all the time. Blood! blood! blood! everywhere. I was horrified when I saw the youths and maidens of France walking through these crowded buildings, and every picture suggesting to them the accursed idea that the true glory of France was to be found in killing people. Not a single picture representing peace, did I see." H. PRICE HUGHES.

DERIVATION OF "PEACE."

IN a foot-note to a theological work by the late Mr. J. T. Harris, it is remarked "Peace is, literally, the joiner, and is etymologically related to the Sanscrit pac, to bind, from the root pak, to join, to fasten, or to grip hold. It is thus cognate with pact, pax, &c,"