"103. The chords explained in this and the preceding Chapter, are of the most extenfive ufe and application in mufic. There are many mufical compofitions in which no others occur; and perhaps there are few real chords in music, which are not either PERFECT chords or to be referred to the class of DOMINANT or of SUBDOMINANT chords, albough they may be difguifed by fufpending or altering one or more of the notes. It is of great importance, therefore, that they be well underflood and diligently practifed in every key, major and minor. There are two kinds of leffons or exercifes, which are frequently prefcribed for this purpose. The first is to play certain fhort harmonical fucceffions, or mufical phrafes, which are fometimes named Cadences, and which are often ufed as preludes, for the purpose of announcing the key and mode of the piece which is to be performed. The second is to play the chords or accompaniments which are most commonly given to bass notes, when they afcend or defcend diatonically, or by the degrees of the fcale. In the first, the chords are commonly in their erect forms; in the fecond, fome of them muft neceffarily be in inverted forms." P. 159.

We are not only heartily inclined to fubfcribe to this theory, but are convinced by long study and experience, that all chords are reducible to the tonic, dominant, or fubdominant, with fome flight exceptions in the cafe of fequences and licences: and, even in these, one of those three above-mentioned is generally implied, if not decidedly audible. The first kind of exercise prescribed in the laft article, confifts of the following cadences or phrafes (p. 161). The first harmonical fucceffion confifts of the chord of the tonic, proceeding by irregular cadence to the dominant, and returning by regular cadence to the tonic, thus:

No. I.

The dominant harmony may either be perfect, or its fe venth may be added.

The fecond contains the fubdominant chord, inferted betwen the tonic and dominant, thus:

No. II.

The fubdominant may have its added fixth, and the dominant its added feventh, or they may both remain perfect.

The third contains the tonic chord held on the dominant, in the inverted form of the fixth and fourth, commonly called the fixth and fourth cadence, which afterwards proceeds to the proper chord of the dominant, with or without the feventh, thus:

No.

The fourth contains the fubdominant, preceded by the fixth, and followed by the dominant in gradation, with or without its feventh.

No. IV.

The fubdominant, however, may remain perfect, and omit its added fixth.

The fifth is intended to fhow the falfe cadence or progreffion of the dominant into the fixth of the fcale, on the last note of the firft bar. In the fecond bar the ftrain is brought to a clofe, by the gradation and regular cadence, that is, by the fucceflion of the chords of fubdominant, dominant, and tonic, thus:

No. V.

"For the fake of variety", adds Mrs. G. "the fubdominant chord is here taken in, what we have called its third inverfion, or what by many is confidered as its erect form.”

As these are to be practifed in all keys (major and minor) and in all pofitions, we thall recommend them to the attentive notice of the mufical ftudent; and refume the confideration of this work in our next number.

(To be continued.)

ART. X. Confiderations on the late and prefent State of Ireland; in Refutation of Obfervations and Reflections thereon, by Robert Stearne Tighe, Efq. of Mitchell's Town, in the County of Weftmeath: and on " a Letter to the Earl of Wycomb, from Mr. Miles, on the prefent State of Ireland." 8vo. 54 pp. Mahon, Dublin. 1804.

IT T may be neceffary to inform our readers, that Mr. Tighe, in his pamphlet, ftrongly recommends Catholic emancipation, as it is termed, the modification of tithes, and a provifion for the Roman Catholic priesthood, as the certain and

only

only political remedies for the diseased state of the body politic in Ireland.

The author of the pamphlet now before us, accufes Mr. Tighe of being radically ignorant of the true flate of that truly vital part of the empire; and as Mr. Tighe candidly declares in his first page, that he was abfent from Ireland nearly twenty years previous to 1800, when the incorporate union of the countries took place, it is not impoffible that (like thofe practitioners of phyfic, who prefcribe for their patient at a distance by infpecting their urine) he may have mistaken the remedies proper for the difeafes of his feverish ftate patient.

"It is much. to be lamented", obferves the writer of Confiderations, &c. "that the government of England has been most egregioufly deceived as to the fate of Ireland, by men who are totally ignorant of it, or by perfons who are led by finiller designs to impose on them; in his third page, Mr. Tighe fpeaks of the fleady and impartial line of conduct adopted and purfued by the Earl of Hardwicke, and he fays, "he trufts his countrymen will ever entertain a proper fenfe of the temper, moderation, and humanity, which have marked his Excellency's character"; I would ask Mr. Tighe how it has happened, that all these excellent qualities, and the conciliating difpofition of the prefent Viceroy, and I may add of his predeceffor, have not in the smallest degree abated the deep-rooted difaffection of the Romanifts, which like a fmouldering fire, is ever ready to be blown into a blaze by the breath of accident?" P. 4.

In fupport of this reasoning, among other incidents, this writer adduces, "the catastrophe which occurred on the 23d of July, 1803, which burft forth when a delufive calm prevailed."

"Government", he adds, "tacitly acknowledge their apprehenfions of fimilar events, by the falutary precaution which they have adopted for above a year, and which they continue at this time, of having the threets of the metropolis perambulated in the night by patroles of cavalry." Ibid.

This writer next flares,

"that fince the arrival of Lord Hardwicke in Ireland, the Commitree or Directory now fitting in Dublin, have fent two embaffadors to Paris, and they continue to maintain an alliance with the French, which began fo early as the year 1744."

Notwithstanding", he obferves, "all thefe alarming circumftances, Mr. Tighe tells us in his fourth page, that this is a favourable opportunity, to enter upon what is called by the vulgar and ignorant Catbolic emancipation." P. 5.

In answer to an affertion of Mr. Tighe, that

during these four years the independent gentry of Ireland have feen, without a murmur, themselves and their families excluded from a fair competition in the fervice of their country in church and state; and fhall it be faid, that the promises to the Irish nation are alone unacquitted?" This writer very properly observes, that "this affertion is totally unfounded, and it must have a very evil tendency in exciting jealoufy and difcontent in the breasts of the Irish, of whom many of the nobility and gentry fill fome (he ought to have said mof) of the most important fituations in church and state."

"If he alludes to the exclufion of the Romanifts from the high and confidential departments of the state, he will find that every Protestant ftate in Europe found themselves under the neceffity of doing so for their prefervation; and it was adopted by the deliberate wisdom of the British legislature, after long and woeful experience of the deftructive principles of Popery. Now I would ask Mr. Tighe, whether the events of the last twenty years in Ireland furnish any proof whatfoever, that they are in the smallest degree ameliorated ?" P. 6.

From the 8th to the 12th page, the author endeavours to prove, that the tenets of the Romish Church, from its pretended infallibility, never can undergo any alteration; and, confequently, that the religious and political principles of its votaries cannot receive or admit of any amelioration; in fupport of this pofition, he quotes the canonical oath, which every priest takes upon his ordination, in which "he promises to receive and profefs the facred canons and general councils particularly that of Trent", which recognizes and fanctions all the impious doctrines of the fourth Lateran council; and he also promifes "to condemn, reject, and anathematize all things contrary thereto, and all herefies which the church has condemned, rejected, and anathematized." P. 9. And to prove that these doctrines and opinions are not obfolete, but that they are recognized and maintained, at this moment, by lay as well as clerical Roman Catholics, he quotes the writings of Mr. Francis Plowden, the Rev. Charles Plowden, and of Dr. Troy, the present titular Archbishop of Dublin.

"Mr. Francis Plowden, a great champion of Popery in England at prefent, fays, in a work entitled the Cafe stated, and published in London in 1791, that "the Roman Catholics admit the decrees of a general council in matters of faith and morality, when approved of by the Pope and received by the Church, to be abfolutely infallible, and not liable to deceit or error."

"His brother, the Rev. Charles Plowden, goes a ftep farther, for in a treatise published by him in 1790, he maintains and contends for the infallibility of the Pope, and afferts, that "it is as necessary for the conftitution of the church, and the preservation of faith, as the infalli

bility of councils themselves", it is entitled, "Confiderations on the modern Opinion of the Fallibility of the Holy See."

"Dr. Troy, titular Archbishop of Dublin, tells us in his famous paftoral inftruction, published there in 1793, that "the church is infallible in her doctrinal decifions and canons on points of faith and marals, and therefore Catholics are obliged to adhere implicitly to such decrees and canons of the church affembled in general councils, and confirmed by the Pope, as rules of faith.”

"Now the reader will find, that the following doctrines are maintained and enjoined by fome general councils as a religious duty to all Roman Catholics. To depofe and murder heretical Sovereigns, whenever they have it in their power to do fo; that an † oath of allegiance to an heretical state is null and void, and not binding on their confcience; that no fidelity is due from a popish wife to an heretical bufband, nor from a fervant to a master; they are also ordered to extirpate heretics whenever they are able to do so, for which they are offered eternal falvation."

"Thefe odious and deteftable principles of their religion are inceffantly infufed into the popifh multitude by their priests, because they are bound by their canonical oath, and by their general councils, to do fo; and for this reafon they differ as much, in point of moral principle, from all the other members of the Chriftian Church in the British empire, as the Malays do from all the other inhabitants of the Ealt."

Yet, notwithstanding what this writer fo forcibly fstates to be the well-known doctrines of the Church of Rome, notwith ftanding the recognition and avowal of them, in our own times, by their lay and ecclefiaftical guides, and in spite of dearbought experience, we meet with political free-thinkers (or rather no-thinkers) who infift, that the diffufion of knowledge, and the improvement of reafon, have abated those dangerous doctrines of the Church of Rome. Now it is not a little extraordinary, that Proteftant writers on that fide fhould infift and maintain, that fuch a defirable alteration has taken place, when we find that fome of the most eminent Catholic writers and controverfialifts difclaim moft vehemently all imputation of fuch a change. "If", fays Mr. Francis Plowden, in his

Hereticos non effe bello petendos quando fortiores funt nobis. Bellarmine.

+ Thousands of the Roman Catholic inhabitants of the County of Wexford took the oath of allegiance before the rebellion in 1798, and afterwards fought against the King's troops. Rev.

The numerous inftances of the treachery and infidelity of Roman Catholic fervants to their Proteftant masters, which occurred in Ireland before and during the rebellion in 1798, are too notorious to be conCoverted. Rev.

Cafe