LONDON, SATURDAY, AUGUST 5, 1905. building-which, had Waynflete's plans been fully carried out, would probably have been demolished to make room for its enlargement. Possibly the fact that Anwykyll was a married man may have caused some alteration to be amade in the ultimate destiny of the chambers CONTENTS.-No. 84. NOTES:-Magdalen College School and the 'D.N.B.,' 101— Yorkshire Dialect, 102-Yorkshire Spellings-Bartholomew and Charles Beale, 104-"Bust" for Burs "Omar Khayyam': FitzGerald's First Edition Ghost-Word, 105. " hoorea QUERIES-Brisson's 'Ornithologie,' 105-Lord Nelson and originally built for the schoolmaster and " Cardinal York-The Archiepiscopal Cross and Becket,' tician-John Whitney-Nicholas Klimius-Gordon of the REPLIES:-Poem by Sir Thomas Wyatt, 109-" To Ply," 110-Sarah Curran, Robert Emmet, and Major Sirr, 111 Irish Soil Exported - Owen Brigstocke, 113-B. E. Hill usher over the schoolroom (Bloxam, iii. 7). Whatever room was to spare seems to have been at once occupied by the intruding members of the Grammar Hall; and when, in the early years of the sixteenth century, the School buildings were extended, the addition was made not so much for the benefit of the School as for that of the new Hall, which at the same time began to be known as Magdalen Hall. This society had at first the closest connexion with the College, the early Prin -St. Paul's Cathedral-William Shelley, 114-The Weep-cipals being all, or almost all, Fellows of the ing Willow-Gastrell and Shakespeare's Home-Authors of Quotations Wanted-Boninge of Ledsum-The Duke's Bagnio in Long Acre, 115- Pleshey Fortifications Charlemagne's Roman Ancestors-Jules Verne: Star and Crescent Moon-Moon and Hair-cutting, 116. NOTES ON BOOKS:-R. S. Hawker's Life and Letters ton-Reviews and Magazines. Notes. latter. But, apart from this personal connexion, and from the fact that the College were the owners of the site of the Hall and received rent for it, the two societies were entirely separate. The College had no jurisdiction over the Hall, or over any persons residing in it who were not at the same time members of the College itself. But it was not until 1694 that the Chancellor of the University finally established his right to nominate the Principal. After awhile writers, adding insult to injury, persistently asserted MAGDALEN COLLEGE SCHOOL AND THE that the Hall was part of Waynflete's own 'D.N.B.' (See ante, p. 21.) AT Magdalen the buildings which comprised the last important part of the College erected in the founder's lifetime were begun in August, 1480. They stood outside of the western gate, on the ground between the present St. Swithun's Buildings and the small block which now bears the name of the Grammar Hall-a name by which the School, and the buildings immediately adjoining it, were known in the fifteenth century. The School buildings themselves consisted of a schoolroom with chambers for the master and usher, and a kitchen. Of the present picturesque building known as the Grammar Hall the southern part, including the small bell-turret, is a fragment of the School building; but the adjoining rooms were for the most part included in the premises occupied by the members of Magdalen Hall. John Anwykyll, first master of the School (1480-8), and his usher and successor, John Stanbridge, were among the foremost grammarians of their day in England, and their teaching attracted many besides members of the College. These strangers settled themselves, cuckoo-fashion, in tenements-adjoining the original School foundation-a fiction which, originally conceived by the College for the purpose of establishing their claim to the site of the Hall, had come to be generally accepted, and had even insinuated itself into the University Calendar (Wilson, p. 29; S. G. Hamilton's Hertford College.' p. 101; 'Oxon Almanack Top' for 1749). The schoolroom, as built by the founder, was 72 ft. in length by 24 ft. 9 in. in width. It was lighted on either side by five square windows, placed irregularly, and by two windows at the east (south?) end, one being a small window over the door of entrance. In later times, when further stories had been added to the two raised in Waynflete's lifetime, it was found necessary to support the schoolroom ceiling by beams, and twelve wooden pillars in two rows (Bloxam, iii. 6). The interior, as thus altered, must have in some measure resembled Lower School at Eton to-day, the exact date of which is uncertain, but is not later than 1500. In the latter room the double row of wooden pillars (said to be of Spanish chestnut) down the centre was erected by Sir Henry Wotton (Provost 1624-39), although an untrustworthy tradition relates that the wood, being wreckage from one of the vessels of the 64 Invincible Armada, was presented by Queen Elizabeth (R. A. Austen Leigh's 'Eton Guide,' p. 79; A. Clutton-Brock's 'Eton'; Izaak Walton's 'Life of Wotton'). The exterior of the Magdalen schoolroom, with its fine buttresses as seen from the west, appears in the drawing by Joseph Skelton (plate 52 of 'Oxonia Antiqua Restaurata"). This view represents the eastern and western side of Magdalen Hall quadrangle, and gives a good idea of the interior or northern face of its gateway. The southern front of both Hall and schoolroom may be studied in an engraving from a drawing by N. Whittock of 1823, showing "Old Magdalen Hall and other buildings" adjoining the College, "commonly called the Gravel Walk." The only ancient school building of the fourteenth century now existing is the original schoolroom of Winchester College, now called "Seventh Chamber," Wykeham's magna domus. A large slice was cut out of it to form Seventh Chamber Passage." the way out to school in 1687, when the New (now Old) School was built. The archway of that passage is the original school doorway. The window which lights the passage above is also part of the original window. The original dimensions were 45 ft. 6 in. long by 28 ft. 10 in. wide, and 15 ft. 3 in. high from the present floor, which is probably higher than the original floor. Four wooden columns, one of which still remains, supported the ceiling and hall above. The light came in through three windows in the south wall. All of these remain, although the one now lighting the passage is shorn of its lower portion. In each window were benches of stone "for the eighteen præfects, so that they might preside over the others." These benches, in a triple row, still remain in the two untouched windows (Leach's Winchester Coll.,' p. 122). It will be seen that Waynflete's schoolroom was considerably longer than, but not so wide as. Wykeham's. At Eton, according to Henry VI.'s original intention, or will,' "the Provost's lodging was to extend for a length of 70 ft. on both floors, from behind the upper end of the hall to a corner tower situated close to the north-east angle of the new church. Exactly opposite to this, but only on the ground floor, was to be a schoolroom of similar length, adjoining the gateway."-Maxwell-Lyte's 'History of Eton College,' pp. 36, 43. Disregarding the example of monastic establishments, the king had resolved to follow Wykeham's lead and supply his College with a regular schoolroom. The Eton cloister was. however, occasionally (again like that of Winchester College) to be the scene of public disputations in grammar between the scholars. 66 A grammar school is mentioned in audit rolls of Richard III.'s reign; and the recent building of a new school" is noticed in 1515. The original dormitory and schoolroom were, perhaps, situated on the western The present Upper side of the cloisters. School dates only from 1690-1 (ibid., 41, 135). (For these references to Sir H. C. MaxwellLyte's book I am indebted to Mr. A. G. Parham, of Exeter College. and sometime A. R. BAYLEY. chorister of Magdalen.) St. Margaret's, Malvern. (To be continued.) YORKSHIRE DIALECT. As, owing to the general spread of educa tion and the constant migration of the agricultural population to our large towns, the local dialects-or perhaps one should rather say the native language of our more rural districts-are likely in a few years to become extinct, it might be of interest to your readers to record a few of their principal peculiarities. For instance, our Yorkshire language is almost entirely Scandinavian or Saxon, as is shown in the names of our towns and villages, and the Norman invasion has scarcely affected our vocabulary at all. Observe, for instance, Aldby (the old village), Aldwark (the old work or fort), Derwent (clear stream, a common name of rivers in the North), Godmanham (the village of the sacred stone, where stood formerly a celebrated temple of the Druids), Riccal (the hall of meeting or judgment), Wheldrake (in which name one would scarcely recognize Queldrick, or the ridge of quail), Escrick (the ridge of ash), Thorganby (the sacred village of Thor), York (the city on the Ure), and countless other instances. This I generally "stump" those who profess rashly to understand our language with some such sentence as this: "T'watter siping thruff t'assen mak t'middin rank smittle." seems gibberish to most Englishmen, and yet every one of the words is one of our old original language, simple Saxon or Scandinavian, meaning simply, "The water soaking through the ashes makes the heap very infectious." I always contend that we Yorkshiremen do not drop our h like a Cockney, though we do clip the article, as in saying" till" for hill"; but we do the same, curiously enough, t'door," also before a consonant, "t'letter," &c., while we odly omit the possessive s, as we should say "the for "the master's key" master key." We still use frequently thegood old Shakespearian word "parlous," 66 66 much in the sense of our slang word "awful," as a parlous time" for "a bad time," or adverbially, as ar beas parlous tewed" for "I am very tired or annoyed," or parlous clarty " for a very dirty road. I like our good old word kitty wankle " for very or doubly uncertain, as a kitty wankle airtim" for a bad haytime, or what we call a "catchy time." "Kittle" we know as fickle or uncertain, as kittle cattle," and wankle" or "wankling" is a term we apply to an unhealthy calf, or one weak on its legs and unlikely to live. It is curious to trace our corruption of new words derived from the Greek, as the taties are sadly demnicked" would mean that they were affected by the epidemic. A dyke in the North means a ditch, and not, as in the South, a bank, as the wellknown Ditch at Newmarket and the Devil's Dyke at the top of the Downs, ever visited by strangers who go to Brighton. 66 A "stobb" or "stobben" means a stump or thorn, and is also used as a verb, as arve stobbed mar thoom" for "I have pricked my finger or thumb." A very expressive saying like that of the bad penny is "nout's never lost." Children at least believe in the mysterious visitants at windows called "barguests"; indeed, when our schoolchildren first saw the stained-glass windows in our private chapel they howled at the sight of barguests," as they called them. 66 lurcher as a snap dog," and of a greyhound 66 In cricket we still call runs 'notches," though we do not keep our scores on a stick as formerly; to slog or hit hard is to "bat it out," to catch is to kep," a feeble stroke is termed a "dirty go"; and if we are surprised we say that "caps owt," or beats everything. In shooting we always speak of partridges simply as 'birds," and it is funny to hear our yeomanry talk of their rifles as "guns." We speak of a breadth of anything as a "breed," and the small, irregular corners of ploughed fields are called "gares"; a small. wood is a "rush"; the wide, straggling fences so good for game, and now so rare, are called "reins"; a hole from which earth is dug is called a "delphin " (delved), while in digging a drain we must be careful to give it plenty of "batter," or shelving edge, as otherwise it will "sag 66 or cave in." "Stattus" is the local name for the old fairs established by statute, and at Martinmas we have our annual hirings, or mops, when a 'fest," or fastening penny, is given to bind the bargain.. Like the immortal James Pigg, whose prototype is believed to be North Yorkshire rather than Northumbrian, we still "addle wor arles" when we earn our wages, and money. is still spoken of as "brass." In York a gate" means a street, as Micklegate, or the little street; while the gate itself is called a "postern," as Skeldergate Postern; or a bar, like Monk Bar, which. perhaps is derived from bar or barrier, or from the old barbicans, of which the only example is to be found in connexion with Walmgate Bar. The bridge over a ditch in front of a gate is called a 'goatstock," of which perhaps one of your readers can supply a derivation, for I cannot; while a stile is a stee," and a footpath is called a rampart" or trod." A quantity of anything is a seet," or sight. There are also still many adult believers in wise men and wise women or witches having the power of curing diseases and making up love potions, as well as of detecting thieves and evildoers. To "call" a person is to abuse him, also described as to " talk Irish," from the language used by the Irish who come to do field work; and a summons is frequently applied for for "insult when assault is intended. A magistrate to act in Yorkshire" should have some knowledge of the language; in fact, I have had to intervene to save a man from a heavy sentence for a cowardly use of a knife by explaining that "neif" means only the old Saxon word nief or fist, and that no knife was mentioned at all. To get evidence to define drunkenness, except from the police, is always most difficult, as not only is it looked upon as a very venial offence by the lower classes, but is divided into many stages, as "market fresh," looked upon as almost a normal condition, "had a sup," or in extreme cases "had a drop ower mooch." A Yorkshireman is called a "tyke," though I have never heard a dog so called in the county of broad acres; but we speak of a 66 For birds we have innumerable local names, which may be found in Morris and other writers on birds. We find the word "start' for tail in the blackstart and redstart; and the club start" is the stoat, for "club" means short, as in "club-footed." A rat is a ratten or rotten"; a polecat is a foomart" or "foulmart," as contrasted with the sweetmart, or pine and beech martens, now almost_extinct except in the wildest parts of the Lake District. Though we still sup our "looance," or allowance, of "drinkings," one seldom hears the word "beevor" used for drinks, which seems to be of Norman origin. As in Ireland, we call rooks "crows," the carrion crow being. 66 "Wick" is our equivalent for the old English word "quick," for living, as opposed to deed," or dead; thus by a quickwood fence we mean one of growing thorns instead of one of wood or iron, a "dead fence." That worst of weeds known in the South as twitch or couch grass is only too familiar to us as wicks," and its hated rival the charlock as "ketlocks." All spelling, of course, is phonetic. If we build a pigsty we "big a stee," but we do not, at any rate in the low country, use the more northern expressions of "but and ben" for the inner and outer dwelling-rooms. The terms "in by" and "out by" are used in coal mining, and the boxes of coal are 66 corves." A pony is a Galloway, perhaps from the county of that name; a hedgehog is a "pricky otchin," the "hedgepig" of Shakespeare; and the little gentleman in velvet is not called mole, but mouldiewarp," and is far more wide awake than is usually supposed to be the Bullocks are called 66 beasts," wether sheep "hogs," as in the song "Three silly hoggets came hirpling [limping] home.” A silly fellow is "nobbut a daft or soft body," and we all know what a sad deed a "saft day maks of things." We enjoy for the time, if we afterwards regret, the "sad" cakes, or sally-lunns, which are apt to put one's interior in a "fullock," or confusion. case. and The above will give some idea of our Yorkshire dialect, but if any one, like Oliver, wants more, he will find plenty of both amusement and instruction in a book called Forty Years of a Moorland Parish,' by Atkinson, the late beloved and well-known rector of Danby. To tidy up or to put anything away is to "side" or to "right" it, and the most useful word in the dialect is to "fettle." This means, like the American word "fix," to do almost anything, as you may say "fettle up" that road, hedge, room, or anything else, in the sense of putting things to rights. It is also used as a noun, as "in good condition" would be called "in good or fair fettle," or the opposite "in nobbut poor fettle." Medicine is, perhaps not unsuitably, termed "stuff." 66 66 accused of ingratitude through ignorance of He J. J. DUNNINGTON-JEFFERSON. Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S. W. ["I'll fettle thee" means "I'll give thee a thrashing."] The account YORKSHIRE SPELLINGS. book of the village carpenter here, about the beginning of the last century, has lately come into my hands. It is most interesting reading, throwing as it does much light sideways upon the life of the people of that day, and affording examples of words and spellings now obsolete in ordinary English. Among the old spellings I may mention bing for bin (a chest). This form of the word would not be surprising in any of the Danish districts; the same sounding of the word is still common hereabouts. Other examples that occur laddle for ladle, and shade for shed. The last are rammer-rod for ramrod, craddle for cradle, three are still in use in this neighbourhood, but I have heard creddle as well as craddle. M. C. F. MORRIS. Nunburnholme Rectory, York. BARTHOLOMEW AND CHARLES BEALE.-The 'D.N.B.' mentions two sons of Mary Beale, the celebrated portrait painter (1632-97): Bartholomew, who is said to have begun life as a portrait painter, but to have subsequently studied medicine under Dr. Sydenham and practised at Coventry; and Charles, who followed his mother's branch of art, painted portraits both in oil and in water colours and some few in crayons, but was compelled soon after 1689, by weakness of sight, to relinquish his profession, and died in London, in what year is not known. Yet I think it probable that he may have been painting, and painting well, in 1714. There lies before me a curious epistle from one Charles Young, addressed to "Barth Beale, Esq., At his House at Baldeston Hall, In Suffolk." It is written, not on letter paper, Yorkshire folk are reserved, and are often | but, in accordance with an economical fashion of the times, on the margin of a number (706) of The Evening Post, 13-16 February, 1714. The letter contains some items of general news not included in the printed portion, e.g.: "Feb. y 17. Yesterday the Queen came to and Lay at Hampton Court and that day about two came to and Dined at St. James's And I hope will meet her Parliam to morrow but be that as it will. God be thanked She is alive and Well to y° Shame and dissapointmt of thousands of her Enemies At home if not abroad who designedly reported wth Joy in theire faces that she was dead; but concealed till some body came over. But tis thought it was chiefly intended to affect Rostad, if 80 it has answered effectually." The Evening Post notes under date Windsor, 15 February: This Afternoon Her Majesty (who continues in good Health) Touch'd for the Evil, and intends to go to-morrow to Hampton Court." The relations existing between Charles Young and Bartholomew Beale are not very easy to understand, but it would appear that Bartholomew was consulted as a physician by Young, who had derived benefit from his treatment. Young goes on to say : "I waited upon Mr. Beale and paid him 12.02.00, and he desires to present his humble Service and thanks. And I believe I shall have two Pictures home in a few days as good as ever he or any Englishman ever Drew. As to my ffriends, tis an exact Counterpt Life excepted, And for mine. I must say by leaving out all Sourness, Wrinkles and Age he has worked me up to a Beau of 40: And yet Setting som flattery aside, which is soon forgiven by one of 60 tis Something exceeding like, which he modestly says is oweing to my Sitting again so Soon, but I must charge it on a Juster acc. To the greatness of his Skill, and peculiar Care," &c. Although it might have been expected that in writing to Bartholomew, Young would have alluded to the painter as "your brother," it is difficult to believe that this courtly artist was any other than the Charles Beale whose career was supposed, by the writer of the article in the 'D.N.B.,' to have been cut short some twenty-three years earlier. J. ELIOT HODGKIN. "BUST "> FOR "BURST."-It is interesting to find that the familiar use of bust for burst is by no means confined to England and English-speaking countries. Koolman's 'E. Fries. Dict.' has busten, i.e., bursten, to burst, spring, &c.; and the same usage is recorded in the Low G. glossary by Berghaus The Bremen Wörterbuch' notes that in the Bremen dialect the verb barsten, to burst, has for its past tense not only burst, but bust. WALTER W. SKEAT. 'OMAR KHAYYAM': FITZGERALD'S FIRST EDITION, 1859.-It should be mentioned, in connexion with the record price of 467. recently paid at auction for this edition, that the principal reason of its great rarity has only recently been explained in William Bodham Donne and his Friends' (London, 1905). At p. 274 FitzGerald says, in a letter to Donne, under date 1868 : "The former Edition was as much lost as sold, when B. Quarritch [sic] changed houses; he has told Cowell these 2 years that a few more would sell: a French Version has revived my old flame: and now Mr. Childs will soon send some 200 copies to B. Quarritch [sic]." The French version referred to is that of M. J. B. Nicolas. Mr. Childs was the printer (John Childs & Son) of the second edition (of 1868). It is most significant that in the volume I am quoting, though FitzGerald is mentioned in almost every letter, and his lightest doings recorded, we reach p. 274 and the year 1868 before 'Omar Khayyam' is as much as mentioned. The change of houses by B. Quaritch was, of course, his migration from Castle Street (near Charing Cross Road) EDWARD HERON-ALLEN. to Piccadilly. "PHOOREA": A GHOST WORD. . 'The Standard Dictionary' has an entry: "Phoorea This has always (Bengal), the kuppur." seemed to me a good example of ignotum. per ignotius, since not every reader can be expected to remember that kuppur is the Sindhi name of a common and dangerous viper. It is also a good example of what is called a ghost-word. There is no such word as phoorea. It is a misprint for phoorsa, which is the Marathi synonym for kuppur. Some write it phursa, and in Whitworth's Anglo-Indian Dictionary' it is given as fursa, which does not look much like phoorea, and yet is the same. This may interest Dr. Murray, who is now dealing with Ph-. JAMES PLATT, Jun. |