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life with the eye which nature bestows only on a poet." CHARLES MASEFIELD.

WORPLE WAY (10th S. iv. 348).-The difficulty is surely due to want of care. Amongst the books referred to, the A.-S. dictionary was not one, else it would have been discovered that the A.-S. word was not weorpen, and that it did not mean "to twist"; and this is the source of all the trouble. It seems to be the constant ill-luck of Old English to be misspelt and misinterpreted.

The A.-S. verb is weorpan (with a, not e), and it means to throw or cast up. Shakespeare's mouldwarp means mole," "because it "warps" or casts up mould.

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The Low G. wurp sometimes means soil washed up by the sea; and Du. worpel (G. würfel) means a die, because it can be thrown. There seems to be no reason why worple may not refer to cast-up soil or to a made way. WALTER W. SKEAT.

Between Chichester and the village of North Mundham there is a bridle path running across three meadows known as the Wapple (or Worple) Fields. This term I have generally understood to refer more particularly to the gates between each meadow. These are double, and so hung that they swing towards each other in closing. This arrangement makes it impossible for cattle to open the gates by pressing against them; but, having no latch or fastening, they may be easily pulled open by an equestrian. Perhaps the Worple Way referred to above formerly had similar gates.

S. P. SMITH.

This is the third appearance of this question in 'N. & Q.' See 1st S. ix. 125, 232, 478; 7th S. vii. 269, 314, 437. Much valuable space would be saved by searching the General Indexes before submitting a query.

EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

66 TINTERERO" "(10th S. iv. 267, 316).-What is referred to under this name is a huge shark, of a particularly formidable species, abounding in the Gulf of California, to the pearl divers along the shores of which it is said to be as much an object of dread as other descriptions of sharks are objects of indifference.

Lieut. Hardy, in his 'Travels in the Interior of Mexico,' 1829, spells the word as here" tinterero "" and relates a terrible experience on the part of a Mexican acquaintance of his with one of these monsters. But Gabriel Ferry de Bellemare, in his interesting and thrilling tale of Le Pêcheur de Perles," gives what I consider the true spelling of the word, namely, 66 tintorera." The word is

undoubtedly Spanish in form, and the termination feminine in that language, though what the connexion can be between this voracious fish and dyeing (tintorero=a dyer) I cannot say. Not impossibly the Spanish word may be a corruption of some word in the Opata, Hiaqui, or other dialect of Sonora. THOS. WILSON.

43, Tavistock Square, W.C.

I have no doubt that MR. PLATT is on the right track. The great cuttlefish is the creature indicated. MR. CRAWFORD also is right in supposing the word to be a misprint, and that there is no such Spanish word. The real word is tintero (from tinta, ink), meaning an ink-bottle or ink-horn. This is frequently used in the phrase "Quedó en el tintero ("it remained in the inkstand "), said of a letter, or of a sentence in a letter, which has been left unwritten.

Tintero is Spanish for "inkstand"; in England the octopus or cuttlefish is sometimes called the "ink fish "; in Italian the word for "inkstand" and "cuttlefish" is calamaio. CALAMARY.

"NUTTING" (10th S. iv. 265, 358).—I feel sure that both MR. RATCLIFFE and J. T. F. will be grateful for a reference to a passage in the poetical works of the late Thomas Hood, in which he supplies convincing proof that nuts are deaf. In his account of an episode in the life of Dame Eleanor Spearing, which turns upon her extreme deafness, among many other metaphors he writes :-

She was deaf as a nut, for a nut, no doubt, Is deaf to the grub that is hollowing out. Can anything further be said on the subject? ALAN STEWART.

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The expression "He cracks no deaf [usually pronounced dee-af] nuts" is common Cheshire in reference to a man who makes no bad bargains or bad investments.

"CATERPILLERS OF THE COMMONWEALTH" (10th S. iv. 248).-MR. BAXTER has no doubt consulted the article on this in the New English Dictionary.' When that article was written (1888), the readers for the Dictionary had found no earlier example than that on Gosson's title-page, and no earlier instance has since been sent in for the Supplement. But the article shows that the transferred application of caterpillar to a rapacious person, a "piller of the people" or "of the country," had been in use for nearly forty years, so "caterpillar of the commonwealth "

was a

very natural expression; it was also one which its alliterative form would readily tend to keep current, whenever it was used. J. A. H. MURRAY.

In the Egerton MS. play "The Tragedy of Richard II. (Act I.), which may be as late as 1630, the passage concerning Bushy, Bagot, and Green appears as follows:

Woodstock. Shall cankors eate the fruite
That planting and good husbandry hath norisht?
Greene: Baggott: Cankors!

York: Arundell: I, cankours, catterpillers.

A. R. BAYLEY.

The term "caterpiller" is mentioned in one of the Civil War tracts printed in the Appendix to Fenton's 'Pembrokeshire' in connexion with the Civil War in Wales, 1643-4. The tract states :—

"The country inhabitants came in and presented their service to the colonel, whereupon was placed a garrison in Haverfordwest, and the whole country freed from the caterpillers or cavaliers, saving Tenby and Carew Castle."

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SUICIDES BURIED IN

J. T.

THE OPEN FIELDS

(10th S. iv. 346).-It is probable that the
writer of the passage which COL. FISH-
did not mean to indicate that the body
WICK quotes from 'The Alphabet of Tales'
was not buried near cross-roads, but that
these roads ran through the unenclosed lands
of the parish. Before the time of the great
enclosures of the eighteenth century cross-
roads in the open country were very com-
mon. I can identify several of these near
which suicides are known to have been
buried.
EDWARD PEACOCK.
Wickentree House, Kirton-in-Lindsey,

Caterpillar would appear to have been a word not only in general use, but must also have been pretty widespread, seeing that it is found in so remote a district as Pembrokeshire. G. H. W. CUSTOM OF THRAVES (10th S. iv. 350).-The custom appears to have been known not as 66 Thraves," but as Peter-corn." The follow-looking is Thomas Gordon, Consul-General ing is from Cowel's Interpreter,' 1710, s.v. 'Peter-Corn':—

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"Rex Athelstanus concessit Deo et beato Petro Ebor, et colideis, prædictis de qualibet Caruca arante in Episcopatu Eboraci unam Travam bladi, Anno Domini 936, quæ usque in præsentem diem dicitur Peter Corn. Ex Reg. S. Leonardi Ebor. in Bibl. Cottoniana, fol. 5, a. concessiones travarum vocat. Peter-Corn per totum Archiepiscopatum Ebor. quas imprimis Ethelstanus quondam Rex Anglice concessit Deo et beato Petro et colideis apud Eboracum. Reg. S. Leonardi Ebor. Cotton. Nero. D. 3. f. 59. Contentio inter Magistram et Fratres Hospitalis S. Leonardi Ebor. et conventum de Malton super trabis camearum vocat. PeterCorn in crastino S. Botulfi, 1266.-Collect. Rog. Dodsworth, vol. 78, p. 212, MS."

J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. Has MR. ANDREWS referred to 3rd S. iv. 290, 383, Nares's 'Glossary,' Halliwell's 'Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,' or Wright's Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English' for the information he requires?

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EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Breckrock Road.

CLUB CUP (10th S. iv. 327).-In the Club and Society case in the Willett Collection, Brighton Museum, No. 587 is described in the catalogue as a "model in the form of an

EVANS: SYMONDS: HERING: GARDEN (10th S. iv. 328).-I suggest that the Thomas Garden for whom your correspondent is

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for the States of Holland at Leith. He was the son of Alexander Gordon, collector of cess at Aberdeen, and grandson of Sir James Gordon, fifth baronet of Lesmoir. Thomas took an immense interest in fishery questions, and wrote General Remarks on the British Fisheries,' 1784. I gave many particulars of this book (which is rare) and its writer in the Aberdeen Free Press of 7 and 13 October, 1904. A fuller account of Thomas will appear in the second volume of 'The House of Gordon,' which the New Spalding Club, Aberdeen, has in the press.

J. M. BULLOCH.

The matters referred to in the letters would assist the identification of their writers. Except for a knowledge of Upcott's probable correspondents, not even the following meagre suggestions would be possible.

Edward Evans.-Probably the printseller of 1, Great Queen Street, with whom Upcott had many transactions, both as a buyer and seller. Vide Evans's catalogue offering 'Frostiana' and 'Historic Memorials of the London Theatres,' &c.

Thomas Symonds.-John Britton had some correspondence with an antiquary of this name, who wrote to him from Bath and

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Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

Letters to "Ivy" from the First Earl of Dudley. By S. H. Romilly. (Longmans & Co.) AMONG his many claims upon attention John William Ward, subsequently first Earl of Dudley, is already known as a correspondent. His letters to his tutor, Copleston, afterwards Bishop of Llandaff, were published in 1840, without adding greatly to the reputation for judgment of the bishop, by whom they were given to the world, or to the consideration of Ward himself. The present correspondence- unhappily lop-sided, since the letters of "Ivy" have, unfortunately, perished-shows at his best a singularly interesting, notoriously eccentric, and very unfortunate being, whose aberrations are still the subject of discussion in the society of which, in his own time, he was held to be "a bright particular star." To understand the full significance of a work which has been suddenly, though somewhat tardily, sprung upon the world, it is necessary to know the man, a task which might be easily accomplished by means of ordinary books of reference, but for which both time and space are denied us. It is enough for us to say that his position as a man of brilliant capacity was recognized; that his scholarship was exact and, in its line, unrivalled; that Brougham called him possessor of one of the most acute and vigorous intellects with which a man was ever endowed; that Madame de Staël said he was "the only man in England who really understood the art of conversation"; that Byron expressed for him both admiration and regard; that he was the pet aversion of Samuel Rogers; and that he had a brief official experience as Foreign Secretary under Canning, only to die in enforced confinement with an almost unparalleled reputation for eccentricity.

After a neglected childhood, he became, together with Lord Lansdowne, Lord Palmerston, and Lord Ashburton, a resident pupil of Dugald Stewart, the so-styled Scotch philosopher. From Mrs. Stewart, née Cranstoun, he received exactly the sort of sympathy and encouragement for which his shy, reticent, finely strung nature pined, and with her, who must have been consider ably his senior, he maintained a correspondence which, through over thirty years of almost total severance, remained warm, friendly, unembarrassed,

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and delightful. For a while, after his departure to Oxford, he addressed her as his "best and dearest Mama. After a time for that name he substituted "Ivy," by which pleasing appellation he continued to call her until his seclusion for insanity. This charming correspondence, supposed to have perished, has been recovered and published by Mr. Romilly. It covers a deeply interesting period, ending with the passage of the Reform Bill, and casts a brilliant light upon literature and politics. To estimate its worth aright calls for a continuous perusal, which of a delight. We find it an impossible task, without we assure our readers will be less of a labour than the quotations which the limits of our space prohibit, to do justice to the book, and can only mention a few points that specially attract us in perusal. Early in the volume are some interesting observations on Catherine Maria Fanshawe, the author of "'Twas whispered in heaven," &c., who is described in 1806 as "forty-two years old, very plain, and rather crooked-what Sydney Smith would call a curvilinear old maid." Much that is interesting is told concerning the Duke of York and the Mrs. Clarke scandal; and an account different from that ordinarily supplied is given of the quatrain concerning Sir Richard Strachan, the Earl of Chatham, and the Walcheren expedition. Under the name Don John Hookham severe things are said of John Hookham Frere when in Spain as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central Junta. The only really mad utterance seems to be when Ward speaks of drawing a tooth as being, in his own experience, "rather a pleasant thing than otherwise." He once or twice speaks very contemptuously of Oxford, though he subsequently withdraws his utterance and makes amends. Ward is responsible for spreading some scandal, as when he approves of the theory that Horace Walpole was a son of Pope's Lord Hervey. For Bellingham, the murderer of Perceval, he has some pity, as driven to madness by the brutal despotism of Russia. He shows himself a bad judge of poetry when he speaks of Walton,' an anonymous poem, as "evidently Byron's." Other critical utterances are sane, and even judicious. Little is said about Waverley,' though a good deal about Scott. On the question between Lord and Lady Byron he has some judicious reflections. Mr. Romilly has discharged his task capably, though we doubt, without being entitled so to do, a note, p. 293, concerning Lintot, whom we believe to have been the publisher, not a "well-known dentist." Four interesting and finely executed illustrations add to the attractiveness of a work of great value and interest.

Book-Prices Current. Vol. XIX. (Stock.) ONE more year will witness a score volumes of this admirably executed annual-in high praise of which we have spoken from the outset resting on the shelves of those who had the prevision or the sense to subscribe from the beginning. Mr. Slater's task has been well executed from the first, and there is not one of the nineteen volumes in commendation of which we have not been able to speak. The present mentions some remarkable prices, to which the compiler draws attention. It is open to the cynics, among whom we are in this instance disposed to rank ourselves, to say that the value of books, as shown in the sales, is derived from their estimation as rarities and curios, or from their meeting the requirements of various fads, rather than from their literary significance. Under the sole head of

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Shakespeare Mr. Slater chronicles the sale for 2,000l. of a slightly defective copy of 'Titus Andronicus,' 1594; for 1,7507. of a damaged copy of Richard III.,' 1605; and for 1,000l. of a slightly damaged copy of 1 Henry IV., 1608. A King Lear' of the same date brings 9007., and 2 Henry IV., 1605, 5007. A dozen other works bring from 100%. to 500. Among non-Shakespeare volumes, the Mentz Psalter of Fust & Schoeffer of 1459 fetches 4,000l. This, of course, is one of the earliest and scarcest books in existence. Robert Burns's Family Bible, 1766, imperfect, brought 1,560., the value lying in the family entries concerning the poet and his family; and The Book called Caton,' printed by Caxton in 1483, was sold for 1,3501. As a Burns relic, the family Bible is, of course, of singular interest, and it is pleasant to think that it has gone back to Scotland, and is to be placed in Burns Cottage at Alloway. Innumerable other books, from a defective Pentateuch of Tyndale, 1530, at 9407., to Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell' at 150%., might be cited.

In a sale in the results of which we were necessarily interested, peculiar results were witnessed. Books which were in fashion fetched prices that, having regard to their original cost, were stupendous. Others, out of fashion, and of immeasurably greater curiosity and interest, did not even bring the price which entitled them to mention. To the eminently unsatisfactory prices fetched by the books which are really scholarly and sane, the editor, in his notice of the sale, draws attention. The average sum realized by lot reached 27. 17s. 2d. as against 21. 98. 3d. last year. Prices such as we have mentioned do much, however, to swell an average which, in fact, was very low. A copy mentioned of Wither's Emblems,' in unsatisfactory condition, was sold for 5l. Another, unnoted, advertised as a very good copy." brought little more than half that sum. The lesson thus taught we may not enforce, but it is eminently unsatisfactory to the scholar and book-lover. Very wisely the general and subject indexes have been compressed into one.

66

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The Modern Language Review. Edited by John G. Robertson. Vol. I. No. 1. (Cambridge, University Press.)

sends a few noteworthy Shakespeariana, and Miss Jessie Crossland communicates a German version of the thief-legend. Reviews and book notices follow. A tempting list of promised communications appears at the end. Special attention must be paid to a periodical which seems likely to widen the scope of English scholarship and form an organ specially adapted to the expression of its latest conclusions.

IN The Burlington, the frontispiece to which consists of an excellent reproduction of Sir Joshua Reynolds's portrait of Mrs. Nisbett, from the Wallace Collection, appears an article by Mr. D. S.. MacColl, which the author calls Grania in Church; or, the Clever Daughter,' the proper place for which would appear to be our pages rather than those of a periodical devoted to art. It explains cleverly the significance of a miserere carving in Worcester Cathedral. Mr. Roger E. Fry has a good essay on Mantegna as a Mystic,' which is well illustrated. Watteau's Flute Player' is reproduced in a photograph to accompany a paper by. Mr. Claude Phillips. A bronze statue, eight feet high, of Trebonianus Gallus, from the Metropolitan Museum of New York, is a very striking figure. It has been known for a hundred years, but arbitrarily entitled Julius Cæsar. It has a curious and significant history.

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IN The Fortnightly Mr. William Archer undertakes the rehabilitation of George Farquhar, whom, in regard of moral sense, he places much above those Restoration dramatists with whom, by the whim or exigencies of a bookseller, he has been specially associated. From the extreme immorality of Wycherley and the obscenity of Vanbrugh, Farquhar is comparatively free. literary defence, supposing such to be necessary, is also conducted. The charge of absence of gaiety brought by the Master of Peterhouse against the dramatist is disputed by Mr. Archer. Mr. W. H. Mallock, who is once more on the war path, attacks Sir Oliver Lodge on Religion and Science.' The editor has a short_poetical tribute to Sir Henry Irving, and Mr. T. H. S.. Escott tells some very interesting stories concerning the deceased actor and Tennyson. Life and Literature in France' is excellent in all respects.Miss Rose M. Bradley gives, in The Nineteenth Century, a very bright sketch of Days in a Paris Convent.' Miss Gertrude Kingston deals with things theatrical in The Stock-Size of Success.' What is meant by her title, and to what country slang "stock-size" belongs, we have no idea. The Countess of Desart writes strongly on 'The Gaelic League.' Mr. H. W. Hoare supplies an interesting article on 'The Roman Catacombs.' In a brightly written article on 'Some Seventeenth-Century Housewives' Lady Violet Greville upholds the reputation of that delightful creature Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, a heroine unjustly and incorrectly described as Mad Meg of Newcastle. No woman, however, since Queen Elizabeth was the subject of such laudation as was bestowed upon Her Grace. Mr. Stephen Paget may be read on Latin for Girls.' Of 'Out on the "Never Never" the Bishop of North Queensland gives a singularly animated account. The chief interest in the contents of The National is political or warlike. An Italian Statesman has much to say on the influence on the European situation of the Far Eastern war. Sir Rowland Blennerhassett.

WE have here, appropriately enough, from the Cambridge University Press, the first number of a new quarterly periodical-or, as it is called, journal -devoted to the study of medieval and modern literature and philology. The idea is admirable in every respect; the names of the best living scholars appear on the advisory board, and the opening number shows how broad a field is to be covered. Our sole regret is that it is impossible for us to do justice to each separate article. Space, however, fails us for such an effort, and we can only show how representative are the contents. Mr. G. Gregory Smith contributes as the opening paper some notes on 'The Comparative Study of Literature.' Mr. Paget Toynbee has a profoundly interesting and very curious article on English Eighteenth-Century Translators of Dante.' Very quaint is the effect when the solemn passages of the great Florentine are presented in Popean measure, or when we find extracts from Dante's Inferna' (sic) made into a song. Mr. A. C. Bradley contributes Notes on Shelley,' and Mr. W. W. Greg opens out a new and stimulating subject in The Authorship of the Songs in Lyly's Plays.' Mr. Moore Smith

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Messrs. Baer & Co. have also a catalogue of English Literature, including first editions of Byron, Dickens, and Scott, and works illustrated by Bewick and Cruikshank. We note also 'The Book of Gems, 1837, which has on the fly-leaf, in Queen Victoria's handwriting, "Given to my dear friend Adelaide by her affectionate friend Victoria, Buckingham Palace, 14th March, 1838."

gives an account, which, whether accurate or not, is stimulating, of The Threatened War of 1875, and Capt. Mahan deals with The Strength of Nelson. Literature is, however, represented in a thoughtful article on Ariosto, in which Mr. Courthope gives a fine appreciation of the Italian poet as man and writer. Interest in the four Italian poets now centres in Dante, but a revival of regard for Ariosto is conceivable. Mr. Marriott Watson has some thoughtful comments on The Jew and his worthy catalogue of rare books and manuscripts Mr. Martin Breslauer, of Berlin, issues a noteDestiny,' and Mr. Boulton describes an experiment It has over a hundred facsimiles of title-pages and in stocking the Thames with "Huchen.' Supply of Admiralty Coal' deals with a matter of graphical notes from the latest authorities. A copy quaint woodcuts, and is furnished with bibliohighest importance.-In The Cornhill C. J. D., under of the Bull of Sixtus IV. printed by Schöffer at the title 'On the Oxford Circuit,' deals, in free-and-Mayence in 1480 is priced 980 m.; Poliphili easy hexameters, with the death of Sir Thomas Noon Hypnerotomachia,' Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1499, Talfourd, who expired at Stafford while charging 1,500 m.; an unknown German version of Lucian's the Grand Jury. Part ii. of Reminiscences of a Diplomatist' is no less stimulating reading than and a fine copy of the first edition of the Nurem 'Golden Ass,' printed at Strassburg, c. 1470, 800 m.; the previous portion. Improving the Breed, by berg Chronicle,' 900 m. Herr Breslauer devotes a Sir George Scott, depicts an attempt to introduce special section of his catalogue to Das Werk des cattle shows into the Hill States. From a College Hans Weiditz,' who has been within the last few Window,' part vii., remains thoughtful and meditative. The Wine-Drinker' proves to be a suryears identified as the illustrator of Petrarch in 1532. prise for the reader. The Creation of the British Museum' is less interesting than its title promises. -Mr. Holden MacMichael's Charing Cross and its Immediate Neighbourhood,' in The Gentleman's, will obviously close with the year. Among literary contents of the magazine are 'Three Poets' Trees, dealing with Chaucer, Spenser, and Cowper; 'Samuel Butler and Hudibras'; and 'Stoke and Gray.' The Old Western Seaports' is a case of a good subject treated with some freshness.-Amidst much good fiction there appears in The Pall Mall the Land of Wessex,' accompanied by a portrait, a very interesting account of 'Thomas Hardy and specially taken, of the novelist; a study of Mr. St. John Brodrick, illustrated from photographs; an account of Félix Ziem, "the painter of the Adriatic"; "The Living Moon, illustrated from photographs; 'From the Cape to Cairo by Telegraph'; and a description of 'Kedleston.' The Idler in Arcady' constitutes the one serious contribution to a number of The Idler chiefly noticeable for the

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effervescence of its contents.

FOREIGN BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES.-NOVEMBER. MESSRS. JOSEPH BAER & Co., of Frankfort, send the first part of an elaborate catalogue of Manuscripts and Incunabula, containing reproductions of illustrations, title-pages, and colophons. The character of the contents may be judged from the fact that the first five manuscripts are priced at 7,500, 2,500, 4,500, 2,500, and 15,000 marks respectively, the last being a French version of Glanville's 'De Proprietatibus Rerum' from the Ashburnham collection. The first of the Incunabula is Fust & Schöffer's Psalterium, 1459, and the price of this is 96,000 marks.

Messrs. Baer's Folk-lore Catalogue contains books from the library of the late Prof. Gustav Meyer. The Papers and Transactions of the International Folk-lore Congress, 1891,' are 20 m., and the first four Annual Reports of the Folk-lore Society, 10 m.; pi while the first three volumes of Mélusine are 75 m. abA complete set of the Percy Society, reprints, w196 parts, is 420 m. Some of the privately printed seworks of our contributor Mr. W. A. Clouston are

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Mr. Ludwig Rosenthal, of Munich, sends Cata logue 108, which contains over thirteen hundred items of books relating to Russia and the Eastern Church. These form a complete history of the Russians in every phase of life. Civitates Orbis Works on costume include Le Prince's Divers Terrarum,' 1657, coloured plates, is 700 marks. Ajustements et Usages de Russie,' 200 m., and Orlowski's Costume of the Russian Army,' 1809, 350 m. Merian's 'Topographie,' 1642-59, is 1,000 m. 1766, 470 m. There are a number of portraits. and a portion of Assemannus's Codex Liturgicus,

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Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices:

ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for pub lication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rules. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. When answer ing queries, or making notes with regard to previou entries in the paper, contributors are requested to put in parentheses, immediately after the exact heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to which they refer. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second com. munication "Duplicate."

R. WELFORD ("Affixes").-We agree with your view, but think it inadvisable to open a discussion on the subject.

Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Adver tisements and Business Letters to "The Pub. lisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

communications which, for any reason, we do not We beg leave to state that we decline to return print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

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