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this we have done in our last Lecture, page 424; secondly, the length of each reign, which was at that time equally specified; it remains, therefore, now to fix, if possible, the date when any one of them began to reign.

Mr. Faber, who follows the chronology of the Samaritan Pentateuch, fixes the first irruption of the Shepherds at six years before the birth of Abraham, that is, 300 years after the Dispersion; but, according to this computation, Abraham was born 942 years after the Flood; therefore, according to Mr. Faber, the Shepherds first entered Egypt 936 years after the Flood, and, consequently, about 2000 years before Christ. But we know, that the first dwelling of the Shepherds in Egypt was for 260 years; therefore, their first expulsion happened 1196 years after the Flood; and, therefore, 1740 before Christ. We also know, that they were expelled by Thoutmosis, the chief of the eighteenth dynasty, and that from this expulsion to the Exodus, when they were again finally expelled, elapsed 250 years. Now by computing these 250 years through all the sovereigns who reigned in Egypt, we find that they terminate at the end of the reign of the Pharaoh Mandouei, the thirteenth king of that dynasty; therefore, according to the reckoning of Mr. Faber, the Exodus happened at the very end of the reign of Mandouei, 1490 years B.C.

The same result, in regard to this Pharaoh, we must have, whether we follow the chronology of

the Hebrew text, or of the Septuagint; because, as we must in either case calculate 251 years downwards through the reigns of the several princes who succeeded Thoutmosis, we must always terminate our reckonings at the death of Mandou-ei. The only difference will be, that, according to the Septuagint, this event took place 1605 years after the Flood, and 2271 years B.C.; while, following the Hebrew text, this same event happened only 797 years after the Flood, and about 1483 B.C. But they all do and must agree that it took place at the death of the Pharaoh Mandou-ei.

Against this supposition the authority of Syncellus may be adduced, who positively says that the Exodus of the Israelites took place during the reign of Misphragmuthosis, whom he describes as the twelfth Pharaoh after Concharis, or Timaus. Now as he reckons amongst these twelve princes the six Shepherd kings, it is evident that, according to his calculation, the Pharaoh Misphragmuthosis he alludes to, is the sixth sovereign of the eighteenth dynasty, who was also called Amenophis I. [page 424]. But this is evidently an error; for he quotes. in favour of his opinion the authority of Manetho. Now we have seen that, according to that historian, we must reckon 251 years from the first expulsion of the Shepherds, by Thumosis, to the Exodus, and the reign of Misphragmuthosis, as it is mentioned by Syncellus, scarcely gives 120 years, and therefore he cannot possibly be the Pharaoh mentioned by Moses. The reason why Syncellus commits this H h

mistake, is the consequence of an assertion which he had made a little before, that the twenty-second king of Egypt, whom he calls Ramessemeno, was the first Pharaoh mentioned by Scripture, in whose time Abraham visited Egypt; he was therefore driven by necessity to pitch upon Misphragmuthosis, as the Pharaoh who reigned at the Exodus, because at his time, according to his genealogy of the Egyptian sovereigns, terminate the 430 years recorded by Moses, since the communication made by God to Abraham.

Another argument may be adduced to prove this mistake of Syncellus. He says in another place, that Joseph, after thirteen years slavery in Egypt, at the age of thirty, was raised by the Pharaoh Aphophis to be the governor of Egypt. In looking over the list of the Pharaohs that he himself mentions, the name of this Pharaoh Aphophis appears as the fourth sovereign of the Shepherd kings; by summing up the years of his reign with those of his two successors, we have the sum of 140 years, and this calculation alone proves the mistake of Syncellus; for the period that intervenes between the expulsion of the Shepherds and the appointment of Joseph, cannot possibly be more than twenty-one or twenty-two years.

If you indulge me with a little attention, I will make it clear to you. We know that the first dwelling of the Shepherds in that country lasted 260, and that the whole sojourning of the Israelites was 215, years. These two periods joined toge

ther, make up the sum of 475; therefore, to complete the 511 years mentioned by Manetho, we want 36; this is the medial space that intervenes between the first expulsion of the Shepherds and the arrival of Jacob; and these thirty-six years may be thus divided.

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From Genesis xxxvii. 2. we learn, that Joseph was sold when he was seventeen years old, and was full thirty when he stood before Pharaoh. had been, therefore, thirteen years in Egypt. Then commenced the seven years of plenty; and in the second year of famine, when five years of famine were yet unexpired, Jacob and his family emigrated into Egypt, Genesis xlvi. Hence, at the period of the emigration, Joseph had resided twenty-one years in Egypt. But if we deduct these twentyone years from thirty-six, we shall have the residue of fifteen years; and this is the period that elapsed between the expulsion of the Shepherds and the selling of Joseph by the Midianites to Potiphar. Now we know that these thirty-six years must begin from the conquest of Egypt made by the Pharaoh Thumosis. We also know that his reign, from first to last, continued for thirty years, [page 424], some of which must necessarily have been employed in the war with these Shepherds; therefore, these thirty-six years must expire, either under the reign of Chebron, son of Thumosis, or in the reign of his successor, Amenophis; and we shall see that this last is the Pharaoh.

From the first expulsion of the Shepherds from Avaris by Thumosis, to their finally leaving the country, elapsed a period of 251 years. By summing up the reigns of the successors of this prince, we find these 251 years terminate at the death of the Pharaoh Mandouei, the thirteenth sovereign of the eighteenth dynasty. But Thumosis employed seven or eight years at least before he could expel the Shepherds, and the arrival of Jacob took place thirty-six years after; by joining these two items together, we have the sum of forty-four or fortythree years, if not more. Now the united reigns of Thumosis, and his son Chebron, amount to forty-three years only; therefore, the Pharaoh who gave to Joseph the government of Egypt, must have been Amenophis, the successor of Chebron, whose name, perhaps by a mistake of orthography, was changed into that of Aphophis, and whose reign continued for twenty years. From what has been said, I think I may conclude, that the Pharaoh Mandouei was the Pharaoh who occupied the throne of Egypt at the time of the Exodus, and that the Pharaoh Amenophis I. was the prince who protected Joseph.

This hypothesis I shall endeavour to establish still more by the following considerations, and historical facts.

On all Egyptian monuments which record the victories of the different Pharaohs over the enemies of their country, we always distinguish three several and distinct sets of people, and they are the

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