posed of a rude, uncultured, savage lot who are represented today by a number of primitive Malay tribes called Pagans. Such are the Igorots of northern Luzon, the Mangyans of Mindoro, and Manabos of Mindanao. The number of these Pagan people is probably less than one million. Physically they are well formed, and there are not wanting certain marks of culture among them, although they are practically as yet untouched by the Gospel of Christ, and are known as Pagans. These people of pagan life were followed to the Islands by their blood relatives, probably even then of larger culture and experience. They, too, at that time, were what we would call today uncivilized. But they occupied the lowlands, seaports, and coast lines, while their predecessors retired to less approachable portions of the islands; so that we may say that when the Spaniards came, almost 400 years ago, they found these lowland people far more accessible and tractable than the more uncultured hill men. The lowlanders were the ancestors of the present civilized people, constituting now nine tenths of the present population, exclusive of the pagan and Mohammedan population.

The Moros

3. At the time of the coming of the Spaniard, there was also in the Islands a class of people whom they called the Moros. These were Mohammedans. The Spaniards had been fighting the Mohammedans for centuries in Spain. Now they meet again; this time in the Orient. "It is a strange historical occurrence that the Spaniards, having fought with the Mohammedans for nearly eight centuries for possession of Spain, should have come westward around the globe to the Philippine Islands

and there resumed the ancient conflict with them. Thus the Spaniards were the most determined opponents of Mohammedanism on both its western and eastern frontiers. Their ancient foes who crossed into Spain from Morocco had always been known as Moros or Moors, and quite naturally they gave to these new Mohammedan enemies the same title, and Moros they are called to the present day."

They are found almost entirely in the southern part of the Island of Mindanao, and on the adjacent small islands. "Racially they are like other Filipinos, but their religion marks them off as the peculiar people of the archipelago." They number about a quarter of a million. "Many of them are a long way from being respectable members of society."

It seems regrettable that the Spaniards did not make a clean sweep of these islands with their religious faith, instead of halting short of even so small a portion as is represented by the Pagans and Mohammedans. An able authority says: "Had the Spaniards gone about the exploration and conquest of Mindanao as vigorously as they undertook that of Luzon and most of the central islands, Mindanao would not be in part quasi-Mohammedan today. Feeble as was Spain's hold on these far distant possessions at times, and vascillating as were her steps in asserting authority, Spanish power and organization were so far superior to any Mohammedan community or confederation of the ocean, that wherever Spain took firm hold in the Philippines, Christianity and not Mohammedanism became the religion of the future."

The Chinese and Other Foreigners

5. There are and have been for many years a number of "foreigners" in the Philippines. The largest contingent of such people who furnish a field for evangelistic effort is the Chinese. The Chinaman early found his way across the stormy China Sea to the Philippines, lured thither by his money loving heart and his commercial instinct. There are now perhaps 55,000 Chinese people in the Philippine Islands. There are also some Japanese, and some natives from other islands. To round up the list, there is also a Caucasian element, of which the American is a prominent factor. The mestizos, or mixed bloods, due to the intermarriage of the foreigr er with the native, is one of the most influential factors on a small scale to be found in the islands. Thus, with a very slight modification, (which would drop out of course the American), "the first white visitors found the racial complexion of the Islands very much what it is at present-that is, a small number of pure Negritos, a large number of primitive tribes, largely dwelling in the mountains; and finally a wide spread group of lowland peoples. These last were physically very uniform but were divided as to language into many tribes." These last are they, at present about 8,000,000 in number, over whom the Catholic Church gained complete control, and who thus became distinguished from all other oriental people by their acceptance of the Christian religion as presented by the Spanish missionary priests and friars.

The question very naturally arises: If such a large proportion as nine-tenths of the people of the Philippine Islands have already been evangelized to