with which they have no necessary, but merely an arbitrary connexion, established by custom and experience. So much upon the idealism of the eye. In conclusion, we wish to hazard one remark on the subject of inverted images depicted on the retina. Ex- ternal objects, we are told, are repre- sented on the retina in an inverted position, or with their upper parts pointing downwards. Now, in one sense this may be true, but in another sense it appears to us to be unanswer- ably false. Every visible object must be conceived as made up of a great number of minima visibilia, or smallest visible points. From each of these a cone of rays proceeds, with its base falling on the pupil of the eye. Here the rays are refracted by the humours so as to form other cones, the apices of which are projected on the retina. The cones of rays proceeding from the up- per minima visibilia of the object are refracted into foci on the lower part of the retina; while those coming from the lower minima of the object are re- fracted into foci on the upper part of the retina. So far the matter is per- fectly demonstrable; so far we have an image on the retina, the lower parts of which correspond with the upper parts of the object. But what kind of image is it—what is the nature of the inversion which here takes place? We answer that it is an image in which not one single minimum is in itself re- versed, but in which all the minima are transposed merely in relation to one another. The inversion regards merely the relative position of the minima, and not the minima themselves. Thus, the upward part of each minimum in the object must also point upwards in the image on the retina. For what principle is there in optics or in geo- metry, in physiology or in the humours of the eye, to reverse it? We do not see how opticians can dispute this fact, except by saying that these minima have no extension, and consequently have neither an up nor a down; but that is a position which we think they will hardly venture to maintain. We can make our meaning perfectly plain by the following illustrative diagram -In the lines of figures,
each of which is a minimum visibile, or smallest point from which a cone of rays can come. Now, the ordinary optical doctrine, as we understand it, is, that this string of beads A falls upon the retina in an image in the form of the row of figures B; that is to say, in an image in which the bead 1 is thrown with its head downwards on the retina, and all the other beads in the same way with their heads downwards. Now, on the contrary, it appears to us demonstrable, that the beads A must fall upon the retina in an image in the form of the row of figures C; that is to say, in an image in which each particular bead or mini- mum lies with its head upwards upon the retina. In the annexed scheme our meaning, and the difference between the two views, are made perfectly plain; and, it is evident, that if the ob- ject were reduced to only one minimum -the bead 2, for instance-there would be no inversion, but a perfectly erect image of it thrown upon the retina.
Now, there are just five different ways in which the fact we have now stated may be viewed. It is either a fact notoriously announced in all or in most optical works; and if it is so, we are surprised (though our reading has not been very extensive in that way) that we should never have come across it. Or else it is a fact so familiar to all optical writers, and so obvious and common-place in itself, that they never have thought it necessary or worth their while to announce it. But if this be the case, we cannot agree with them; we think that it is a fact as re- condite and as worthy of being stated as many others that are emphatically insisted on in the science. Or else, though neither notorious nor familiar, it may have been stated by some one or by some few optical writers. If so, we should thank any one who would be kind enough to refer us to the works in which it is to be found. else, fourthly, it is a false fact, and admits of being demonstrably dis- proved. If so, we should like to see it done. Or else, lastly, it is a true, and a new, and a demonstrable fact; and if so, we now call upon all optical writers, from this time henceforward, to adopt it. We do not pretend to decide which of these views is the true one. We look to Dr Brewster for a reply; for neither his, nor any other man's rationale of the inverted images, appears to us to be at all com- plete or satisfactorily made out with- out its admission.
Affghanistan, sketch of the campaign in, 676.
Agitation, introduction and effects of the system of, 538.
Agriculture and Science, 738.
"A health to thee," by B. Simmons, 534. Americans in London, 25. Angelo, a Tale from the drama of Victor Hugo, Chap. I., The Key, 799-Chap. II., The Crucifix, 805-Chap. III., The Poison, 807.
Aphrodite, Homer's hymn to, translated, 579.
Army, the British, 398. Art, the natural in, 435.
Bailey's review of Berkeley's Theory of Vision, review of, 812.
Ballad, "A health to thee," by B. Sim- mons, 534.
Banks and banking companies, 146,
Baptism of the prince of Wales, ode on the, by B. Simmons, 531. Berkeley and Idealism, 812. Bibliomania, 624.
Bobrik, Geographie des Herodot, notice of, 3.
British Museum, the, 420. Burying-places of London, the, 650. Cabool and Affghanistan, 676. Caleb Stukely, Part I. Home, 224-Part II. College, 306.-Part III. College, 445.-Part IV. First Love, 585. Campbell's life of Frederick the Great, review of, 333.
Cemeteries (Things of the Day,) 510, of London, the, 650.
Chronicles of the Cité of Paris, 87. Church of England, the, 400. Circassia, 405, 629.
Cleobis and Biton, a story from Herodo- tus, 536.
Copyright, the present law of, 634—ques- tion, review of the, 107. Corn laws, the, 414.
Corn question, policy of Sir Robert Peel on the, 538-summary of the debate on it, 541-fallacy of the arguments against his policy, 544-and of those of Mr Villiers on, 546. D'Arblay, Madame, extracts from the memoirs of, 784.
De Cresci, a poem, 24.
Dee, Dr, sketch of the career of, 626. Delta, legend of St Rosalie, by, 101. Delusion, Mackay's history of, reviewed, 51.
Dependencies, Lewis on the government of, reviewed, 213. Derby day, the, 386.
Deserted Village, illustrations to the, by the Etching Club, reviewed, 122. Dost Mohammed, 506.
Downs, a ramble on the, 156.
Dumas, Alexander, a tale from the drama of, 609.
Earthquake, the predicted, 511.
English agriculture, state and prospects of, 406.
El Empecinado, passages in the career of, Part I., 521-Part II., La Morena de Malaga, 756.
Etching Club, review of illustrations by
the, to the Deserted Village, 122. Evening Walk, the, a poem, 653. Exhibition of London, the, 419. Fairs of London, the, 384.
Fane's five years in India, review of, 474. Father Tudkin's malediction, a tale, 248. Financial policy and measures of Sir Robert Peel, 540.
Fishers of the East coast of Scotland, notes on the, 296-dialect spoken by, in Aberdeen, ib.-their villages, 297, 299-their costume, 297-and personal appearance, 298-their superstitions, 299-their teenames, 300-illustrative anecdotes of, 301-their habits as wreck- ers, 302-and while at sea, ib.-pre- valence of smuggling among them, 304. Five years in India, review of, 474. Florence, museum at, 48. Foreigners in London, French, 22—Ita- lians, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards, 25-Germans, ib.-Americans, ib.— Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31.
Frederick the Great and his times, review of, 333.
French in London, 22.
Fuocista, the, 350.
Gabrielle de Belleisle, a tale from the
drama of Alexander Dumas, Chap. I., the Court Lovers, 609—Chap. II., the
Wager, 610-Chap. III., White is Black and Black is White, 614-Chap. IV., the Duel, 616-Chap. V., White is White, 618.
Galley slaves, 40.
Geneva, Protestantism in, 162.
Geographie des Herodot, notice of, 3. Germans in London, 25.
Ghent, the prisoner of, by B. Simmons, 98. Johnson, Dr, anecdotes of, from the me- Gipsies in London, 31. moirs of Madame D'Arblay, 784.
Goldsborough, Robert, case and trial of, Journey from Heraut to Ourenbourg, nar-
Goldsmith's Deserted Village, illustrations
to, by the Etching Club, reviewed, 122. Hamburg, the conflagration at, 797. HB., Lines to, by the author of the Life of Burke, 535,
Heiress and her friends, the, Chap. I., 64
-Chap. II., 66—Chap. III., 69—Chap. IV., 73-Chap. V., 76—Chap. VI., 80 Chap. VII., 82.
Heraut to Ourenbourg, narrative of a journey from, 691.
Herodotus, the philosophy of, 1-general misconception regarding, ib.-impor- tance of the era preceding him, ib.- his merits as a geographer, 2-causes of the erroneous views regarding him, 3-3-his work not exclusively a his- tory, 4-viewed as a depository of le- gends, 6-as a political economist, 7— increasing estimation in which he is held, 9-his theory of the solar system, 10-his parallelism between the Danube and Nile, 12-on his Africa, 14-his chronology, 20,
Herodotus, Cleobis and Biton, a story from, 536.
Homeless people in London, 173. Homer's hymn to Aphrodite, translation of, 579.
Hogarth, defence of, 390.
Horticultural exhibitions, 425.
Hugo, Victor, a tale from the drama of, 799.
Huntley, William, supposed murder of, and trial for it, 553.
Hymn to Aphrodite, from Homer, trans- lation of, 579.
Kaubool and Affghanistan, 676. Kennedy's (Dr) narrative of the cam- paign in Kaubool and Affghanistan, re- view of, 676.
Khiva, narrative of a journey to, 691. Law of Lauriston, sketch of the career of, 53.
Legend of St Rosalie, the, a Poem, by Delta, 101.
Letter to Christopher North.
the Murderer?" 553.
Lewis on the Government of Dependen- cies, review of, 213.
Lines to HB., by the author of the life of Burke, &c., 535.
London, the world of. Part VIII. reigners in London-French, 22-Ita- lians, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards, 25-Germans, ib.-Americans, ib.- Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31. Part IX.- homeless people in London, 173 homeless great people,,174-club peo- ple, 176-parlour people, 177-din- nerless homeless people, 185-utterly homeless people, 190-Part X. Lon- don recreations, 370-social relaxa- tions, 373-going in state, 375-the parks and gardens, 380-fairs, 384- the Derby day, 386-Part XI., 417- exhibitions, 419-the British museum, 420-the National Gallery, 421-the Zoological Society's exhibitions, 424- Horticultural exhibitions, 425-music, 426--the Italian opera, 429-the thea- tres, 431-Part XII. Theatricals, 639 -the abbey and tower, 648-killed, wounded, and missing, 650.
Income-tax, review of its merits and de- Mackay's memoirs of popular delusion,
merits, 540, 551.
Ireland, present state of, 509.
Italians in London, 23.
Italy, sketches of, No. III., galley slaves, Leghorn, 40-museums at home and abroad, 42-zoological gardens, ib.- Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic garden, 47-Florence, museum of, 48 -birds in it, 49-snake room, 50- No. IV., approach to Venice, 721-Ve- nice, 723-the prisons, 724-the so- ciety of St Rock, 726-travellers in Italy, &c. 728-St George's, 729-Na-
Malediction of Father Tudkin, the, a tale,
Marriage, proposed changes in the law of, 513.
Mississippi Scheme, sketch of the history of the, 57.
Morell, Mademoiselle de, case of, 768. Morena of Malaga, the, 756. Museums at home and abroad, 42. Music, (the World of London,) 426- (Things of the Day,) 621. Narrative of a Journey from Heraut to Ourenbourg, by Captain Sir Richmond
Shakespear, 691-departure from He- raut, ib.-his fellow travellers, 693- his Affghan costume, 690-arrival at Yellatoon, 696-and at Merve, ib.- routes to Heraut, 698-a Turcoman shepherd, 700-arrival at the Oxus, 701 and at Khiva, 702-interviews with the khan, ib. 703-adventure of Captain Abbott, 703-meeting with an Italian, ib.-review of the journey, 704 -Turcoman horses and horsemanship, 705-character and habits of that peo- ple, 706-character of the khan, 712 departure for Ourenbourg, ib.-and arrival there, 720.
National gallery, the, 421. Natural, in art, the, 435. Northern Circuit, the, No. I. introduc- tion, 193-Samuel Hogginbuck, Chap. I., 197-Chap. II., 203—Chap.III., 207 -No. II. the Dumpling, Chap. I., 356 -Chap H., 359-Chap. III., 363- Chap. IV., 366-No. III. introduction, 487 Fluffy Jack, Chap. I., 488- Chap. II., 492-Chap. III., 497—Chap. IV., 504-No. IV. introduction, 661- Chap. I., 662 Chap. II., 665-Chap. III., 668-Chap. IV., 672.
Notes on the fishers of the Scoteh east coast, 296-their dialect, ib.—their villages, 297,299-their costume,297— and personal appearance, 298-their superstitions, 299—their teenames, 300 -Anecdotes of them, 301-their ha- bits, 302 prevalence of smuggling among them, 304. Nunneries, 623.
Ode on the ceremonial at Windsor, by B. Simmons, 531. Oracles, the pagan, 277.
Ourenbourg, narrative of a journey to, 691. Over the channel, 159. Pagan oracles, the, 277.
Paris, chronicles of the Cité of, 87.
Parks and gardens of London, the, 380. Parliament, the new houses of, thoughts
on the modes of ornamenting, 388— objections to fresco, ib.- and to oil painting on the walls, 389-objections to exclusively historical paintings, 389, 391-defence of Hogarth, 390-sub- jects suggested, 395.
Passages in the career of El Empecinado. Part I., 521.-Part II., La Morena de Malaga, 756.
Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic garden, 47.
Poor laws, the, 518. Poetry-The prisoner of Ghent, by B. Simmons, 98-The legend of St Rosalie, by Delta, 101-De Cresci, 242-" "Tis hard to die in spring," 332-Ode on the ceremonial at Windsor, by B. Sim- mons, 531- ballad "A health to thee," by the same, 534-To HB., by the author of the life of Burke, &c. 535-Cleobis and Biton, a story from Herodotus, 536-Translation of Ho- mer's hymn to Aphrodite,. 579-The evening walk, 653.
Popular delusions, Mackay's memoirs of, reviewed, 51.
Portraits of Versailles, the, 323.
Prior, James, Esq., lines to HB. by, 535. Prisoner of Ghent, the, by B. Simmons, 98.
Problem in the law of circumstantial evi- dence, 553.
Protestantism in Geneva, 162-effects of the works of Turretini on, ib.-its Socinian character, 655-effects of its former Calvinistic character in pro- ducing this, 171.
Prussian monarchy, rise and progress of the, 333.
Q. Q. Q, letter from, to Christopher North, 553.
Railway accident at Versailles, the, 794. Ramble on the Downs, a, 156.
Recreations of the Londoners, the, 370. Rencontre in St Peter's, a, 347. Roadside sketches, 153-a ramble on the
Downs, 156-over the Channel, 159. Roamings in Rome, a rencontre in St Peter's, 347-a Roman execution un- der Gregory XVI., 348-the Fuocista, 350-the Catherine wheel, 352-the Villa Medici, 354. Roden, Lord, 150.
Roman execution under Gregory XVI., a, 348.
Rome, roamings in, 347.
Ronciere, Emil de la, trial of, 768.
St Rosalie, the legend of, by Delta, 101. Savoyards in London, 24. Science and agriculture, 738. Shakespear, Sir Richmond, narrative by, of a journey from Heraut to Ourenhourg, 691.
Simmons, B., poems by, the Prisoner of Ghent, 98-ode on the ceremonial at Windsor, 531-ballad, "A health to thee," 534.
Sketches, roadside, 153.
Sketches of Italy, No. III. Galley slaves, Leghorn, 40-museums at home and abroad, 42-zoological gardens, ib.- Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic garden, 47-the Florence museum, 48
of Hogarth, 390-subjects suggested,
"'Tis hard to die in spring," a poem,
To H., by the author of the life of Burke, 535.
-the birds in it, 49-the snake room, 50. No. IV. approach to Venice, 721 Venice, 723-its prisons, 724- the society of St Rock, 726-travellers in Italy, 728-St George's, 729-Napo- leon's acacia garden, 730-St Marc's, 732-the pictures in, ib.-the armou- ry, 733-bead manufactory, 734-the regatta, 735-the Armenian convent, 737-the bridge of sighs, 738, Slave trade, the, 47. Spaniards in London, 25.
Spy, the, a tale of the Carlist war, 33. Steam, future progress and results of, 636.
Style, specimens of, from the daily press, 516.
Sympathizers, the American, 143.
Ten years of the Whigs, Part I., 130- effects of the last French revolution on their prospects, 131-their accession to power in 1830, 133-they introduce the Reform Bill, 134-and the Irish Coer- cion Bill, 139-secession of Lords Grey, Stanley, &c. from them, 140-formation of the Melbourne ministry, ib.-Part II., 258-they withdraw the Coercion bill, 259-their resignation, 260-their at- tack on the Irish establishment, 262- debate on their proposed Appropriation clause, 265-they re-enter office, 268 -their coalition with O'Connell, 269 -they abandon the Appropriation clause, 272-275-their final resigna- tion, 276.
Thames Tunnel, the, 782.
Theatres, the London, 431, 639. Things of the day, No. I., the libel law, 141-sympathizers, 143-banks, 146— the slave trade, 147--Lord Roden, 150. No. II., the army, 398-the Church of England, 400-Circassia, 405--Eng- lish agriculture, 406-the Corn laws, 414. No. III., Dost Mohammed, 506 -Ireland, 509-cemeteries, 510-the earthquake, 511-marriage, 513- style, 516-photography, 517-poor laws, 518. No. IV., music, 621-nun- neries, 623-bibliomania, 624- Dr Dee, 626-Circassia, 629-copyright, 634-steam, 636-Part V., the Thames Tunnel, 782-Madame D'Arblay, 784 -the Railway, 794-Hamburg, 797. Thoughts on the modes of ornamenting the new Houses of Parliament, 388- objections to fresco, ib.-to oil paint- ing on the walls, 389-and to exclu- sively historical subjects, 391-defence
Venice, sketches of, 721.
Venus, Homer's hymn to, translated, 579. Verdict of a French jury, the, a trial in 1834, 768.
Versailles, the portraits of, 323-the rail- way accident at, 794.
Villa Medici, the, 354.
Villiers, Mr, exposure of his fallacies on the Corn question, 546. Westminster Abbey, 648.
Whigs, ten years of the, Part I., 130— effects of the last French revolution on their prospects, 131-their accession to power in 1830,133-they introduce the Reform bill,134—and the Irish Coercion bill, 139-secession of Lord Grey, Sir James Graham, &c. from them, 140- formation of the Melbourne ministry, ib. Part II. 258-they withdraw the Coercion bill, 259-and resign, 260- their Irish appropriation clause, 263— debate on it, 265-they return to power, 268-their compact with O'Connell, 269-abandon the appropriation clause, 272, 275—their final resignation, 276. Who is the murderer? a problem in the
law of circumstantial evidence, 553. World of London, the, Part VIII., fo- reigners in London, French, 22-Ita- lian, 23-Savoyards, 24- Spaniards, Germans, and Americans, 25-Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31. Part IX., homeless people, 173-homeless great people, 174-club people, 176—parlour people, 177-dinnerless homeless people, 185 utterly homeless people, 190. Part X., London recreations, 370-social relax- ations, 373-going in state, 375-the parks and gardens, 380-the fairs, 384 -the Derby day, 386. Part XI., 417 -exhibitions, 419-the British mu- seum, 420-the National gallery, 421 -zoological society's exhibition, 424- horticultural exhibitions, 425-music. 426-the Italian opera, 429--the thea- tres, 431. Part XII. theatricals, 639- Westminster abbey and the Tower, 648 killed, wounded, and missing, 650. Zoological gardens, foreign, 42.
society's exhibitions, the Lon-
Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne & Hughes, Paul's Work.
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