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from which, I shall mention the pages, as printed in his Select Works. He directs it, "To the people of the Lord called Quakers," introducing it thus, page 598, (or 279, vol. 4th,) "Dear Friends, and brethren, it hath of long time rested with some pressure upon my spirit, for Zion's sake, and the peace of Jerusalem, to write something of the nature of true spiritual liberty. Liberty, one of the most glorious words and things in the world, but little understood, and frequently abused by many. I beseech Almighty God to preserve you his people, in the right knowledge and use of that liberty, which Jesus Christ, the captain of our salvation, bath purchased for us and is redeeming us into." Page 600, (283, vol. 4th,) he queries, "But must I conform to things, whether I can receive them or not? ought I not to be left to the grace and spirit of God in my own heart?" This he answers at large, in which he says, "It is a dangerous principle, and pernicious to true religion, and which is worse, is the root of Ranterism, to assert that nothing is a duty incumbent upon thee, but what thou art persuaded is thy duty; for the seared conscience pleads his liberty against all duty, the dark conscience is here unconcerned, the dead conscience is here uncondemned," &c. As to the second part of the question, " ought I not to be left to the grace of God in my own heart?" he answers, " that is of all things most desirable, since they are well left, that are there left, for there is no fear of want of unity; where all are left with the one spirit of truth, they must be of one mind, they cannot be otherwise; so that to plead this against unity, is to abuse the very plea, and to commit the greatest contradiction to that very doctrine of scripture, viz. " that all should be guided by the grace and spirit of God in themselves," for the end of that doctrine is certainty. They shall all know me, saith the Lord, from the least to the greatest; and I will give them one heart," &c. After this, and a little more scripture, he proceeds, "Therefore, I must say to thee, friend, what if thou wilt not be left with the grace and spirit of God in thyself, nor wait for its mind, nor be watchful to its revelations, nor humble and quiet, till thou hast received such necessary manifestations; but pleadest against the counsel of the spirit of the Lord, in other faithful persons, under the

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pretence of being left to his spirit in thyself? by which means thou opposest the spirit to the spirit, and pleadest for disunity under the name of liberty." Page 602, (289,) he says, "If I will not comply with him, that God hath made an eye, because I am not that eye, or an hand, because I am not that member myself, nor a party to the action or performance of that member, I resist the Lord, though under pretence of resisting man for the Lord's sake. And truly, this is the rock that some of our own time, as well as persons of former ages, have split upon."

Further on, (page 290, vol. 4,) he says, "Since the spirit of the Lord is one in all, it ought to be obeyed through another, as well as in one's self; and this I affirm to you, that the same lowly frame of mind that receives and answers the mind of the spirit of the Lord in a man's self, will receive and have unity with the mind of the same spirit, through another." And a little after he says, "The carnal mau pleadeth being left to his freedom; and it may be, talks of being left to the spirit in himself too, the better to escape the sense and judgment of the spiritual man. It is, (adds he,) my earnest desire, that all that have any knowledge of the Lord, would have a tender care how they use that plea against their faithful brethren, that God put into their mouths against the persecuting priests and hirelings of the world, namely, 'I must mind the spirit of God in myself.' For though it be a great truth that all are to be left thereunto, yet it is true, that he whose soul is left with the spirit of truth in himself, differs not from his brethren that are in the same spirit; and as true it is, that those who err from the spirit of truth, may plead being left to the spirit in themselves, against the motion and command of the spirit through another, when it pleaseth not his or her high mind and perverse will." Page 603, (291,) he queries, " But though this be true, which hath been alleged for heavenly concord, yet what if I do not presently see that service in a thing that the rest of my brethren agree in? In this case what is my duty and theirs? Answer, it is thy duty to wait upon God in silence, (mark, Penn says in silence,) and patience, out of all fleshly consultations; and as thou abidest in the simplicity of the truth, thou wilt receive an

understanding with the rest of thy brethren about the thing doubted. And it is their duty, whilst thou behavest thyself in meekness and humility, to bear with thee, and carry themselves tenderly and loving towards thee; but if, on the contrary, thou disturbest their godly care and practice, and growest contentions, and exaltest thy judgment against them, they have power from God to exhort, admonish, and reprove thee, and, if thou perseverest therein, in his name to refuse any further fellowship with thee till thou repentest of thy evil." Soon after this, he saith, (page 292, vol. 4.) "This I affirm from the understanding I have received of God, not only that the enemy is at work to scatter the minds of Friends by that loose plea, What hast thou to do with me? leave me to my freedom and to the grace of God in myself,' and the like; but this proposition and expression, as now understood and alleged, is a deviation from and a perversion of the ancient principle of truth." Page 604, (293, vol. 4.) he saith, "From the deep sense that I have of the working of the enemy of Zion's peace, to rend and divide the heritage of God, who, under the pretence of crying down man, forms, and prescriptions, is crying down the heavenly man Christ Jesus, his blessed order and government, which he hath brought forth by his own revelation and power, through his faithful witnesses, this I further testify, first, that the enemy, by these fair pretences, strikes at the godly care and travail that dwells upon the spirits of many faithful brethren, that all things might be preserved sweet, virtuous, comely, and of good report in the church of God," &c. Further, he adds, "I warn all that they take heed of a slighting and obstinate mind, and that they have a care how they give way to the outcry of some, falsely entitled, Liberty of conscience against imposition,' &c."

Thus William Penn upon the subject. Next I find in the writings of Isaac Penington, that deeply experienced valiant of the Lord, many passages very pertinent to the present occasion, sonie of which I here relate; page 406, folio edition, part 2.* he saith, "Christ is in other members also, as well as in one, and

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*Page 353, vol. 4, octavo edition.

his life hath power to judge and condemn; and it judgeth and condemneth no where, but that which is to be judged and condemned so that wherever Christ's life in any judgeth and condemneth any thing, that is judged and condemned by Christ. And the saints have power and authority in Christ, not only to judge and condemn the world, but also to judge and condemn fallen angels and spirits. To what end are they bid to try the spirits, if after they have tried them, they may not judge and condemn what they find life and truth judging and condemning?" Then in the same page, in answer to one who excepted against a certain passage in Friends' paper, (as he recites it,)" that none are to minister, but those that are reconciled to the church;" I. P. remarks, "What is the end of ministering, but to gather out of the world into the church? or to build up the church? and are they fit to do either who are not reconciled to the church? or whom the spirit of life and power in the church and elders hath not unity with?" In page 407,* he proceeds, saying, "Christ said concerning that brother that would not hear the church, that he should be looked upon as an heathen or a publican; and are such as will not be reconciled to the church, nor hear it, allowed by God to minister, either to gather into the church, or to build up in it? Surely it cannot be. There can be no true ministering out of the life and spirit of the body or church that is in God. And all such as have thus gone out from God in whom the church is, have ministered against the life, spirit, and power, but not in it; but in antichrist's spirit and power, and against the truth."

Further in the same page, "Hath not Christ put a spiritual rod and sword into the hands of his church and ministry, with which to smite and wound as his spirit guides and leads them? Have they not power both to bind and loose, as Christ saith? and is not this a wounding and healing virtue and power? After Christ had said, 'Tell the church, but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man, or a publican,' doth he not immediately add, Verily I say unto you, whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven,' &c.

* 353, vol. 4.

Matt. xviii. 17, 18. Is not this power and authority necessary to the true church? What, a church, and not have power over her own members, but every one left to the dictates of what they call the light within, and not be subject to the judgment of the true light, spirit, and power of Christ, the head in the living body? What a church were this? A mere Babel, an heap of confusion, a body that would never be at unity in itself. But God is the God of the order of his own spirit, life, and power, and not of such confusion. This doctrine may go for truth in Babylon, but can never be owned in God's Jerusalem, where his spirit did build up, and defends the buildings, and judgeth out all such sandy and windy doctrines, which are loose and airy, and have not a ground or bottom in the truth." After considerable more in this and the next page, he says, (page 408,) "Bear with me, for I am constrained to speak these things for truth's sake, for the church's sake, yea, for Christ's sake, and for the sake of them who cry up the light within, in words, and yet are deceived about it and know it not, but are erred from it, and have set up the darkness of antichrist, in their minds, instead of it; which with them goes for the true light; and in this they judge that which is true, as if it were false, and justify that which is false, as if it were true, both in themselves and others; both which are an abomination to the Lord."

Page 410, he further adds, "The church also waiting upon God, in their meetings together in his name, the Lord will discover what is hurtful to the body, and contrary to the life of the body, and lay yokes upon it: and he that refuseth this yoke, keeps alive that which is impure and fleshly, and keeps down the just in himself." In page 411: "If any member be blessed, and grow ever so abundantly in grace, it is the growth of the church; and the church is glad of it. Now if it be a true growth, they would have unity with the church, and mind the peace of the church; and be subject to the spirit, and pure power of life in the church; else their growth is in another spirit, which the true church can never own." A little further, in ⚫ the same page, he says, "Now if any in Lucifer's nature, will hearken to that spirit which despiseth God's church, and rend from it, and think to grow above it, and expect this growth in