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The ancient Romans held the opinion that the bay tree (Laurus nobilis) was capable of resisting the stroke of lightning, and hence a crown of bay leaves and berries was worn by emperors, great warriors, and poets. "The laurel, meed of mighty conquerors and poets." Sir Thomas Browne inserts this notion in his long list of "Vulgar Errors." He says: "That bays will protect from the mischief of lightning and thunder, is a quality ascribed thereto, common with the fig tree, eagle, and skin of a seal. Against so famous a quality, Vicomercatus produceth experiment of a bay tree blasted in Italy. And therefore although Tiberius with this intent did wear a laurel upon his temples, yet did Augustus take a more probable course, who fled under arches and hollow vaults for protection.' The same writer, in his 'Urn Burial,' relates that bay leaves were found green in the tomb of St. Humbert after 150 years; but he does not state whether the fact was due to the virtues of the plant or to those of the holy relic. ery. It is to this, the true laurel, that we apply the term bay, and we use it as a poetical term for an honorary crown or garland bestowed as a prize for any kind of victory or excellence : Beneath his reign shall Eusden wear the bays. We apparently get the word bay through the Latin bacca, a berry, from the French baye, or, as Holland's 'Plinie' has it, "The Baies or berries (Bacca) that it (the Roiall Laurell) beareth.”* Hence also the term "bachelor" is supposed by some to be derived from the ancient practice of Crowning candidates for honours with bay leaves and berries, whence the term baccalaureus and laureate. Those who were found worthy of the honour obtained the laurel of bachelor or the laurel of doctor (Laurea baccalaureatus, Laurea doctoratus). In the Scotch universities the act of conferring degrees is, or was, styled "laureation," and a chaplet was used in some of them. In the ages of chivalry the bas chevaliers, or men below the degree of knight, were admitted to serve by being crowned with a chaplet of laurel berries, and were hence called baccalaurei. The custom of crowning poets was continued so late as the reign of Theodosius, when it was abolished as a remnant of paganism. It was, however, revived at the dawn of the Renaissance in Italy, and Petrarch was the first modern laureate. Among the many theories as to the identity of Laura, it was supposed by Boccaccio and others that the lady was an ideal creation, or that the poet personified the laurel crown that he coveted. Thus, in a letter written to the poet in 1335 by his intimate friend the Bishop of Lombes, Laura is described as a creature of the imagination, or, In my book on the Sonnet (1874), from which the above extract is taken, it is further remarked that "it would be too much to expect that the lady's name of Laura should not tempt the poet to play upon the word, and ring changes with it, and with Laura 'the laurel,' and l'aura the gentle gale,' as when 'l'aura move il verde lauro'; and curiously enough, in the early printed copies (the first is dated 1472) mistakes arose between Laura, the lady's name, and l'aura, the gale, from the circumstance that the early printers had not omitted a space between the article and the noun, L'aura yet invented the apostrophe, so that if a compositor would read Laura." Much confusion has arisen from confounding the common laurel (Laurus cerasus or laurel cherry) with the famous laurel of the ancients * Sir T. Browne anticipated the Biblical revisers in the (L. nobilis). The former was not introduced into passage "I have seen the wicked in great power, and Europe until 1576. Its leaves contain the potent spreading himself like a green bay tree" (Psalm xxxvii. poison prussic acid, whereas the leaves of L. nobilis laurel, he apparently prefers "any large tree in a pros35). After giving various renderings, including the contain a fragrant aromatic oil used in confection-pering and natural soil." event, since Petrarch, at the instance of that The bishop's charge was so far justified by the |