CHAPTER III.

What is found in Chapter III. of Prof. Carroll's book-Prof. Carroll's inconsistency in regard to the scientists-Is the bat a bird or an animal?-Haekel fails to find the negro a beast-Prof. Carroll's dilemma-Kinship between man and the lower animals-Comparative brain weights prove the negro a human-Prof. Carroll's theory of procreation examined-Summary of objections.

In chapter three of this book, "The Negro a Beast," we find, first, a reply to the theory that the Negro descended from Ham; in which Prof. Carroll exhibits his usual unfairness and inconsistency. Unfairness in that he does not represent the theory as it is by any means; and inconsistency, in that he takes the findings of the "atheistic scientists" as a refutation of this theory, then turns upon these very "atheistic scientists" to prove them false, then again turns and gives these very scientists as authority to prove his own false theory. He says:—

"When we approach the atheist with the inquiry, from whence came the Negro, and what are his relations to the Whites, he proceeds to inform us that

the most ancient ancestors of man as of all other organisms, were living creatures of the simplest kind imaginable, organisms without organs, like the still living monera.

They consisted of simple, homogeneous, structureless and formless little lumps of mucous or albuminous mater (plasson), like the still living protamoeba primitiva. The form value of these most ancient ancestors of man was not even equal to that of a cell, but merely that of a cytod; for, as in the case of all monera, the little lump of protoplasm did not as yet possess a cell-kernel.

The first of these monera originated in the beginning with the Laurentian period, by spontaneous generation, or archiogeny, out of so-called inorganic combinations, namely, out of simple combinations of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. (Haeckel.)

According to Haeckel, from this first ancestral stage the progenitors of man evolved through fish and fowl and beast, to reach the "twenty-third ancestral stage" in the anthropoids, or man-like apes: the gibbon, ourang, chimpanzee, and gorilla. Describing what he terms the "twenty-fourth ancestral stage" Mr. Haeckel says:

"Although the preceding ancestral stage is already

so nearly akin to genuine men that we scarcely require to assume an intermediate connecting stage, still we can look upon the speechless, primeval men (alali) as this intermediate link. These ape-like men, or pithecanthropi, very probably existed toward the end of the tertiary period. They originated out of the man-like apes, or anthropoids, by becoming completely habituated to an upright walk, and by the corresponding stronger differentiation of both pairs of legs. The fore hand of the anthropoids became the human hand; their hinder hand became a foot for walking. We may therefore distinguish a special (24th) stage in the series of our human ancestors, namely, speechless man (Alalus), or ape-man (Pithecanthropus), whose body was indeed formed exactly like that of man in all essential characteristics, but who did not, as yet, possess articulate speech. The origin of articulate language, and the higher differentiation and perfecting of the larynx connected with it, must be looked upon as a later and the most important stage in the process in the development of man. It was doubtless this process which above all others, helped to create the deep chasm between man and animals, and which, also, first caused the most important progress in the mental

activity and the perfecting of the brain connected with it."

While admitting that geological research, which has discovered some remains of about everything that ever existed on the earth, has failed to discover the slightest vestige of such a creature, Mr. Haeckel proceeds with his accustomed audacity to describe it. He says: "We, as yet, know of no fossil remains of the hypothetical, primeval man (ProtanthroposatacusHomo Primigenius). But considering the extraordinary resemblance between the lowest woollyhaired men and the highest man-like apes, which still exist at the present day, it requires but a slight stretch of the imagination to conceive an intermediate form connecting the two, and to see in it an approximate likeness to the supposed primeval men, or ape-like men. The form of their skull was probably very long, with slanting teeth; their hair woolly; the color of their skin dark, of a brownish tint; the hair covering the whole of the body was probably thicker than in any of the still living human species; their arms comparatively longer and stronger; their legs, on the other hand, knock-kneed, shorter and thinner, with entirely undeveloped calves; their walk but half erect." -"The Negro a Beast," pp 81, 82, 83, 84.

We would here call the reader's attention to the following facts relative to this lengthy quotation from the third chapter of Professor Carroll's book: first, that his quotation is from the "atheist" Haeckel, whom he opposes even with ridicule. He calls it an "atheistic theory" (which it really is); speaks of Haeckel's "audacity" in proceeding to describe this missing link that he admits never has been found, this "primeval ape-man;" and shortly after fighting these "atheistic scientists," refers the reader to them. as authority. He says:

"For further evidence of the frequent appearance of 'animal characters' in the so-called lower races of men, see the works of Cuvier, Winchell, Darwin, Huxley, Haeckel; etc."-"The Negro a Beast," page 117.

What consistency is manifested by this "Reasoner of the Age," this "Revelator of the Century!"

When he uses the findings of these investigators to show that the "church theory," that the negro descended from Ham, is not correct, then turns upon them (the scientists) to show that they are wrong, then uses them again as witnesses to his own absurd theory, and finally gives their names to the reader as