inscribed upon the banner of each patriot, in regard to his state, be that which was placed upon the urn that enclosed the heart of the philosopher of Ferney, "Mon cœur est ici, mon esprit est partout;" and sure we may be, that this elementary training of the affections will not destroy a proper love for the whole, but is absolutely necessary, to keep the State and Federal governments moving, in those distinct orbits which have been prescribed to them by the wisdom of our ancestors. But, whatever may be the course of other states, hope our own Virginia,-so rich in soil, but so much richer in her noble sons who have grown up on that soil and illustrated her history, will ever cherish with becoming affection her own institutions-for certain she may be, when a great consolidated central government shall have fixed its embrace on the Union-the sun of her glory will have set forever-certain she may be, that in the awful silence of central despotism, no such statesmen as Washington, Jefferson or Madison, will ever again arise upon her soil-no such men as Wythe, Pendleton and Roane, will grace her benches-nor will the thrilling eloquence of the Henrys, the Masons and the Randolphs, be ever again heard within her borders. The power that then reposes at the centre, may, after the example of the most wily and politic of Roman emperors, suffer the mere state forms to remain, but the spirit, the energetic life, the independence that once animated them, will all be gone. They will then obey an impulse that comes from without; and like the consuls, the senate, and the tribunes of imperial Rome, they will but speak the will and execute the commands of the Cæsar upon the throne. Then indeed may the passing stranger, when he beholds this capital, once the proud theatre for the exhibition of the conflicts of mind and talents, exclaim-Poor Virginia! how art thou fallen! CRITICAL NOTICES. EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN VIRGINIA. Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States of America-Virginia. A Narrative of Events connected with the Rise and Progress of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia. To which is added an Appendix, containing the Journals of the Conventions in Virginia, from the Commencement to the Present Time. By the Reverend Francis L. Hawks, D.D. Rector of St. Thomas's Church, New York. New York: Published by Harper and Brothers. This is a large and handsome octavo of 620 pages. The very cursory examination which we have as yet been able to give it, will not warrant us in speaking of A word or two, the work in other than general terms. however, we may say in relation to the plan, the object, and circumstances of publication, with some few observations upon points which have attracted our especial attention. From the Preface we learn that, more than five years ago, the author, in conjunction with the Rev. Edward Rutledge, of South Carolina,"first conceived the idea of gathering together such materials for the History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, as might still exist either in tradition cr in the manuscripts of the earlier clergy. That these materials were abundant might rationally be supposed-still they were to be collected, if collected at all, at the expense of much patience, time, and labor, from a wide diversity of sources. Dr. Hawks and his associate, however, were stimulated to exertion by many of the bishops and clergy of the church. The plan originally proposed was merely, if we understand it, the compilation of an annalistic journal-a record of naked facts, to be subsequently arranged and shaped into narrative by the pen of the historiographer. In the prosecution of the plan thus designed, our author and his coadjutor were successful beyond expectation, and a rich variety of matter was collected. Death, at this period, deprived Dr. Hawks of his friend's assistance, and left him to pursue his labor alone. He now, very properly, determined upon attempting, himself, the execution of the work for which his Annals were intended as materiel. He began with Virginiaselecting it as the oldest State. The present volume is simply an experiment. Should it succeed, of which there can be no doubt whatever, we shall have other volumes in turn-and that, we suppose, speedily, for there are already on hand sufficient data to furnish a history of "each of the older diocesses." But I sincerely hope, that the patriotism and the intelligence of the people of this country, will be sufficient to keep our state and federal governments moving on harmoniously in their legitimate spheres,-avoiding at the same time dismemberment on the one side, or the more dangerous tendency of consolidation on the other. All, however, depends on the virtue, the intelligence, and the vigilance of the People. Power to be restrained must always be watched with Argus eyes-the people must always be on the alert-they must never slacken their vigilance. If they have succeeded to-day in stripping the usurper of his assumed powers-let them not remit their exertions on the morrow, but let them remember that power after "these gentle prunings" does sometimes vegetate but the more luxuriantly. If we shall wisely avoid the evils with which we are beset in our onward progress, then I would boldly assert, that never since the foundation of the world has the eye of the philanthropist rested on a country which has fur nished so grand, so magnificent a theatre for the creation and the display of arts, science and literature, and for the production of all those virtues and high intellec-importance) in the field of American Ecclesiastical Histual energies, which so ennoble and adorn the human being and render him the true image of his Maker, as our own most beautiful system of Confederated Republics will then present. Mr. President, I have done. The great importance and interest of the topic I have so unworthily discussed, must be my apology for having detained you so long. For the design of this work-if even not for the manner of its execution-Dr. Hawks is entitled to the thanks of the community at large. He has taken nearly the first step (a step, too, of great decision, interest and tory. To that church, especially, of which he is so worthy a member, he has rendered a service not to be lightly appreciated in the extraordinary dearth of materials for its story. In regard to Protestant Episcopalism in America it may be safely said that, prior to this publication of Dr. Hawks, there were no written memorials extant, with the exception of the Archives of the General and Diocesan Meetings, and the Journal | of the colony's agents in England (George Sandys, we of Bishop White. For other religious denominations believe) took it upon himself to petition Parliament, in the materiel of history is more abundant, and it would the name of his constituents, for the restoration of the be well, if following the suggestions and example of our author, Christians of all sects would exert themselves for the collection and preservation of what is so important to the cause of our National Ecclesiastical Literature. old company, the colony formally disavowed the act and begged permission to remain under the royal government. Now, Burk insists that this disavowal was induced solely by attachment to the Church of England, for whose overthrow the Puritans were imagined to be The History of any Religion is necessarily a very particularly zealous. With Dr. Hawks we protest large portion of the History of the people who profess against the decision of the historian. It can be viewed it. And regarded in this point of view the "Narrative" | in no other light than that of an effort (brought about, of Dr. Hawks will prove of inestimable value to Virginia. | perhaps, by love of our political institutions, yet still It commences with the first settlement of the colony-exceedingly disingenuous) to apologise for the loyalty of with the days when the first church was erected in Virginia-to apologise for our forefathers having felt Virginia-that very church whose hoary ruins stand what not to have felt would have required an apology so tranquilly to-day in the briar-encumbered grave- indeed! By faith, by situation, by habits and by eduyard at Jamestown-with the memorable epoch when cation they had been taught to be loyal-and with Smith, being received into the council, partook, with them, consequently, loyalty was a virtue. But if it his rival, the President, of the Sacrament of the Lord's was indeed a crime-if Virginia has committed an inSupper, and Virginia "commenced its career of civili-expiable offence in resisting the encroachments of the zation" with the most impressive of Christian solemni- Dictator, (we shall not say of the Commonwealth) let ties. Bringing down the affairs of the church to the not the Church—in the name of every thing reasonable appointment of the Reverend William Meade, D.D. as-let not the Church be saddled with her iniquity—let Assistant Bishop of Virginia, the narration concludes not political prejudices, always too readily excited, be with a highly gratifying account of present prosperity. The diocess is said to possess more than one hundred churches, "some of them the fruit of reviving zeal in parishes which once flourished, but have long been almost dead." Above seventy clergymen are in actual service. There is a large missionary fund, a part of which lies idle, because missionaries are not to be had. While upon this subject we beg leave to refer our Much reliance is placed, however, upon the Seminary readers to some remarks, (from the pen of Judge Beverat Alexandria. This institution has afforded instruc-ley Tucker) which appeared under the Critical head of tion, during the last three years, to sixty candidates for orders, and has given no less than thirty-six ministers to the Episcopalty. now enlisted against the religion we cherish, by insinuations artfully introduced, that the loyalty of the State was involved in its creed—that through faith alone it remained a slave-and that its love of monarchy was a mere necessary consequence of its attachment to the Church of England. our Messenger before the writer of this article assumed the Editorial duties. The remarks of which we speak, are in reply to the aspersions of Mr. George Bancroft, who, in his late History of the United States, with every intention of paying Virginia a compliment, accuses her of disloyalty, immediately before, and during the Protectorate. Of such an accusation, (for Hening's suggestions, upon pages 513 and 526, of the Statutes at Large cannot be considered as such) we had never seriously dreamed prior to the publication of Mr. Bancroft's work, and that Mr. Bancroft himself should never have dreamed of it, we were sufficiently convinced by the arguments of Judge Tucker. We allude to these arguments now, with the view of apprizing such of our readers as may remember them, that the author of the History in question, in a late interview with Dr. Hawks, has "disclaimed the intention of representing Virginia as wanting in loyalty." All parties would have been ́ better pleased with Mr. B. had he worded his disclaimer so as merely to assure us that in representing Virginia as disloyal he has found himself in error. We will mention, briefly, a few of the most striking points of the History before us. At page 48, are some remarks in reply to Burk's insinuation of a persecuting and intolerant spirit in the early colonial religion of the State-an insinuation based on no better authority than a statement in "certain ancient records of the province" concerning the trial, condemnation, and execution by fire, of a woman, for the crime of witchcraft. Dr. Hawks very justly observes, that even if the supposed execution did actually take place, it cannot sanction the inferences which are deduced from it. Evidence is wanting that the judgment was rendered by an ecclesiastical power. Witchcraft was an offence cognizable by the common courts of law, having been made a felony, without benefit of clergy, by the twelfth chapter of the first statute of James I, enacted in 1603. So that, allowing the prisoner to have suffered, her death, says our author, cannot more properly be changed to the ecclesiastical, than to the civil, authority. But in point of fact, the We will take the liberty of condensing here such of trial alluded to by Burk, (see Appendix xxxi,) can be the leading points on both sides of the debated question no other than that of the once notorious Grace Sher-as may either occur to us personally or be suggested by wood. And this trial, we are quite certain, took place those who have written on the subject. In proof of before a civil tribunal. Besides, (what is most especi-Virginia's disloyalty it is said: ally to the purpose) the accused though found guilty, and condemned, was never executed. Some observations of our author upon a circumstance which History has connected with the secular feelings of the colony, will be read with pleasure by all men of liberal opinions. We allude to the fact that when one 1. There is a deficiency of evidence to establish the fact, (a fact much insisted upon) that on the death of the governor, Matthews, in the beginning of 1659, a tumultuous assemblage resolved to throw off the government of the Protectorate, and repairing to the residence of Sir William Berkeley, then living in retirement, re quested him to resume the direction of the colony. If 4. Chalmers, Beverley, Holmes, Marshall and Ro such had been the fact, existing records would have shown it—but they do not. Moreover, these records show that Berkeley was elected precisely as the other governors had been, in Virginia, during the Protectorate. 2. After the battle of Dunbar, and the fall of Montrose Virginia passed an act of surrender-she was therefore in favor of the Parliament. 3. The Colonial Legislature claimed the supreme power as residing within itself. In this it evinced a wish to copy the Parliament-to which it was therefore favorable. 4. Cromwell acted magnanimously towards Virginia. The terms of the article in the Treaty of Surrender by which Virginia stipulated for a trade free as that of England, were faithfully observed till the Restoration. The Protector's Navigation Act was not enforced in Virginia. Cromwell being thus lenient, Virginia must have been satisfied. 5. Virginia elected her own governors. Bennett, Digges, and Matthews, were commonwealth's men. Therefore Virginia was republican. bertson speak, positively, of great discontents occasioned by restrictions and oppressions upon Virginian commerce: and a Memorial in behalf of the trade of the State presented to the Protector, mentions "the poor planters' general complaints that they are the merchant's slaves," as a consequence of "that Act of Navigation.” 5. It is probable that Bennett, Digges, and Matthews, (granting Bennett to have been disloyal) were forced upon the colony by Cromwell, whom Robertson (on the authority of Beverley and Chalmers,) asserts to have named the governors during the Protectorate. The election was possibly a mere form. The use of the equivocal word named, is, as Judge Tucker remarks, a proof that the historian was not speaking at random. He does not say appointed. They were named-with no possibility of their nomination being rejected-as the speaker of the House of Commons was frequently named in England. But Bennett was a staunch loyalist—a fact two well known in Virginia to need proof. 6. The reasoning here is reasoning in a circle. Virginia is first declared republican. From this assumed 6. Virginia was infected with republicanism. She fact, deductions are made which prove Berkeley so-and wished to set up for herself. Thus intent, she demands Berkeley's republicanism, thus proved, is made to estabof Berkeley a distinct acknowledgement of her assem-lish that of Virginia. But Berkeley's answer (from bly's supremacy. His reply was "I am but the ser- which Mr. Bancroft has extracted the words "I am but vant of the assembly." Berkeley, therefore, was re- the servant of the Assembly”) runs thus. publican, and his tumultuous election proves nothing but the republicanism of Virginia. These arguments are answered in order, thus: 1. The fact of the "tumultuous assemblage," &c. might have existed without such fact appearing in the records spoken of. For these records are manifestly incomplete. Some whole documents are lost, and parts of many. Granting that Berkeley was elected precisely in the usual way, it does not disprove that a multitude urged him to resume his old office. The election is all of which these records would speak. But the call to office might have been a popular movement-the election quite as usual. This latter was left to go on in the old mode, probably because it was well known "that those who were to make it were cavaliers." "You desire me to do that concerning your titles and claims to land in this northern part of America, which I am in no capacity to do; for I am but the servant of the Assembly: neither do they arrogate to themselves any power farther than the miserable distractions in England force them to. For when God shall be pleased to take away and dissipate the unnatural divisions of their native country, they will immediately return to their professed obedience." Smith's New York. It will be seen that Mr. Bancroft has been disingenuous in quoting only a portion of this sentence. The whole proves incontestibly that neither Berkeley nor the Assembly arrogated to themselves any power beyond what they were forced to assume by circumstances-in a word, it proves their loyalty. But Berkeley was loyal beyond dispute. Norwood, in his "Journal of a Voyage to Virginia," states that Moreover-Beverley, Burk, Chalmers and Holmes are all direct testimony in favor of the "tumultuous as-"Berkeley showed great respect to all the royal party semblage." 2. The act of surrender was in self-defence, when resistance would have availed nothing. Its terms evince no acknowledgment of authority, but mere submission to force. They contain not one word recognizing the rightful power of Parliament, nor impeaching that of the king. who made that colony their refuge. His house and purse were open to all so qualified." The same journalist was "sent over, at Berkeley's expense, to find out the King in Holland, and have an interview with him." To these arguments in favor of Virginia's loyalty may be added the following. 1. Contemporaries of Cromwell-men who were busy in the great actions of the day-have left descendants in Virginia-descendants in whose families the loyalty of Virginia is a cherished tradition. 3. The "claiming the supreme power," &c. proves any thing but the fealty of the Colonial Legislature to the Commonwealth. According to Mr. Bancroft himself, Virginians in 1619 "first set the world the example of equal representation." "From that time" (we here quote the words of Judge Tucker,) "they held that the supreme power was in the hands of the Colo-historians call Virginia loyal. nial Parliament, then established, and of the king as king of Virginia. Now the authority of the king being at an end, and no successor being acknowledged, it followed, as a corollary from their principles, that no power remained but that of the assembly,"-and this is precisely what they mean by claiming the supreme power as residing in the Colonial Legislature. 2. The question, being one of fact, a mistake could hardly have been made originally-or, if so made, could not have been perpetuated. Now all the early 3. The cavaliers in England (as we learn from British authorities) looked upon Virginia as a place of refuge. 4. Holmes' Annals make the population of the state, at the commencement of the civil wars in England, about 20,000. Of these let us suppose only 10,000 loyal. At the Restoration the same Annals make the population 30,000. Here is an increase of 10,000, which increase consisted altogether, or nearly so, of loyalists, | Establishment of Religious Freedom. If there is any for few others had reason for coming over. The loyalists thing beyond simple justice in his observations we, for are now therefore double the republicans, and Virginia must be loyal. 5. Cromwell was always suspicious of Virginia. Of this there are many proofs. One of them may be found in the fact that when the state, sympathizing with the victims of Claiborne's oppression, (a felon employed by Cromwell to "root out popery in Maryland") afforded them a refuge, she was sternly reprimanded by the Protector, and admonished to keep a guard on her actions. 6. A pamphlet called " Virginia's Cure, an Advisive Narrative concerning Virginia," printed in 1661, speaks of the people as "men which generally bear a great love to the stated constitutions of the Church of England in her government and public worship; which gave us the advantage of liberty to use it constantly among them, after the naval force had reduced the colony under the power (but never to the obedience) of the usurpers." 7. John Hammond, in a book entitled "Leah and Rachell, or the two fruitful Sisters of Virginia and Maryland," printed in 1656, speaking of the State during the Protectorate, has the words "Virginia being whole for monarchy." 8. Immediately after the fall of Charles I, Virginia passed an Act making it high treason to justify his murder, or to acknowledge the Parliament. The Act is not so much as the terms of the Act. Lastly. The distinguishing features of Virginian character at present-features of a marked nature-not elsewhere to be met with in America-and evidently akin to that chivalry which denoted the Cavalier-can be in no manner so well accounted for as by considering them the debris of a devoted loyalty. At page 122 of the work before us, Dr. Hawks has entered into a somewhat detailed statement (involving) much information to us entirely new) concerning the celebrated "Parson's cause"-the church's controversy with the laity on the subject of payments in money substituted for payments in tobacco. It was this controversy which first elicited the oratorical powers of Patrick Henry, and our author dwells with much emphasis, and no little candor, upon the fascinating abili ties which proved so unexpectedly fatal to the clerical interest. our own parts, cannot perceive it. No respect for the In Chapter xii, the whole history of the Glebe Law of 1802-a law the question of whose constitutionality in a spirit of calm inquiry. A vivid picture is exhibited is still undetermined-is detailed with much candor, and of some desecrations which have been consequent upon the sale.. In Chapter xiii, is an exceedingly well-written memoir of our patriarchal bishop the Right Reverend Richard Channing Moore. From this memoir we must be permitted to extract a single passage of peculiar in On page 160 are some farther highly interesting reminiscences of Mr. Henry. The opinion of Wirt❘terest. is considered unfounded, that the great orator was a "It was at one of his stated lectures in the church, believer in Christianity without having a preference for (St. Andrew's in Staten Island) that after the usual serany of the forms in which it is presented. We are glad vices had concluded, and the benediction been proto find that Mr. Wirt was in error. The Christiannounced, he sat down in his pulpit waiting for the people to retire. To his great surprise, he soon observed that not an individual present seemed disposed to leave the Church; and after the interval of a few minutes, during which a perfect silence was maintained, one of the members of the congregation arose, and respectfully requested him to address those present a second time. After singing a hymn, the bishop delivered to them a second discourse, and once more dismis ed the people with the blessing. But the same state of feeling which had before kept them in their seats, still existed, and once more did they solicit the preacher to address them. Accordingly he delivered to them a third sermon, and at its close, exhausted by the labor in which he had been engaged, he informed them of the impossibility of continuing the services on his part, once more blessed VOL. II-37 religion, it has been justly remarked, must assume a distinct form of profession-or it is worth little. An avowal of a merely general Christianity is little better than an avowal of none at all. Patrick Henry, according to Dr. Hawks, was of the Episcopalian faith. That at any period of his life he was an unbeliever is explicitly denied, on the authority of a MS. letter, in possession of our author, containing information of Mr. H. derived from his widow and descendants. It is with no little astonishment that we have seen Dr. Hawks accused of illiberality in his few remarks upon "that noble monument of liberty," the Act for the them and affectionately entreated them to retire to their homes. It was within the space of six weeks, after the scene above described, that more than sixty members of the congregation became communicants; and in the course of the year more than one hundred knelt around the chancel of St. Andrew's who had never knelt there before as partakers of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper." situations and proportions of each organ, and superseding altogether the necessity of a bust. This head served as an Index to the explanations of the system. The whole formed a lucid, compact, and portable com pend of Phrenology. The present edition of the work, however, is preferable in many respects, and is indeed exceedingly neat and convenient-we presume that it pretends to be nothing more. The historical portion of the work before us occupies about one half of its pages. The other half embraces The Faculties are divided into Instinctive Propensities "Journals of the Conventions of the Protestant Episco- and Sentiments and Intellectual Faculties. The Instincpal Church in the Diocess of Virginia-from 1785 to tive Propensities and Sentiments are subdivided into 1835, inclusive." It is, of course, unnecessary to dwell Domestic Affections, embracing Amativeness, Philoproupon the great value to the church of such a compila- genitiveness, Inhabitiveness, and Attachment-Presertion. Very few, if any, complete sets of diocesan Jour-vative Faculties, embracing Combativeness, Destructivenals of Conventions are in existence. We will conclude ness, and Gustativeness-Prudential Sentiments, emour notice, by heartily recommending the entire volume, as an important addition to our Civil as well as Ecclesiastical History. PHRENOLOGY. Phrenology, and the Moral Influence of Phrenology: Arranged for General Study, and the Purposes of Education, from the first published works of Gall and Spurzheim, to the latest discoveries of the present period. By Mrs. L. Miles. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard. bracing Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, and Cautionness-Regulating Powers, including Self-Esteem, Love of Approbation, Conscientiousness, and FirmnessImaginative Faculties, containing Hope, Ideality, and Marvellousness-and Moral Sentiments, under which head come Benevolence, Veneration, and Imitation. The Intellectual Faculties are divided into Observing Faculties, viz: Individuality, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, and Number-Scientific Faculties, viz: Constructiveness, Locality, Time, and Tune-Reflecting Faculties, viz: Eventuality, Comparison, Casuality and Wit-and lastly, the Subservient Faculty, which is Language. This classification is arranged with sufficient clearness, but it would require no great degree of acumen to show that to mere perspicuity points of vital impor Phrenology is no longer to be laughed at. It is no longer laughed at by men of common understanding. It has assumed the majesty of a science; and, as a science, ranks among the most important which can engage the attention of thinking beings-this too, whe-tance to the science have been sacrificed. ther we consider it merely as an object of speculative inquiry, or as involving consequences of the highest practical magnitude. As a study it is very extensively accredited in Germany, in France, in Scotland, and in both Americas. Some of its earliest and most violent opposers have been converted to its doctrines. We may instance George Combe who wrote the "Phrenology." Nearly all Edinburgh has been brought over to beliefin spite of the Review and its ill sustained opinions. Yet these latter were considered of so great weight that Dr. Spurzheim was induced to visit Scotland for the purpose of refuting them. There, with the Edinburgh Review in one hand, and a brain in the other, he delivered a lecture before a numerous assembly, among whom was the author of the most virulent attack which perhaps the science has ever received. At this single lecture he is said to have gained five hundred converts to Phrenology, and the Northern Athens is now the strong hold of the faith. At page 17 is a brief chapter entitled a Survey of Contour, well conceived and well adapted to its purpose which is—to convey by a casual or superficial view of any head, an idea of what propensities, sentiments, or faculties, most distinguish the individual. It is here remarked that "any faculty may be possessed in perfection without showing itself in a prominence or bump,” (a fact not often attended to) "it is only where one organ predominates above those nearest to it, that it becomes singly perceptible. Where a number of contiguous organs are large, there will be a general fulness of that part of the head." In regard to the uses of Phrenology-its most direct, and, perhaps, most salutary, is that of self-examination and self-knowledge. It is contended that, with proper caution, and well-directed inquiry, individuals may obtain, through the science, a perfectly accurate estimate of their own moral capabilities-and, thus instructed, will be the better fitted for decision in regard to a choice of offices and duties in life. But there are other and scarcely less important uses too numerous to mentionat least here. The beautiful little work now before us was originally printed in London in a manner sufficiently quaint. The publication consisted of forty cards contained in a box resembling a small pocket volume. An embossed head accompanied the cards, giving at a glance the relative Some passages in Mrs. Miles' little book have a very peculiar interest. At page 26 we find what follows. "The cerebral organs are double, and inhabit both sides of the head, from the root of the nose to the middle of the neck at the nape. They act in unison, and produce a single impression, as from the double organs of sight and hearing. The loss of one eye does not destroy vision. The deafness of one ear does not wholly deprive us of hearing. In the same manner Tiedman reports the case of a madman, whose disease was confined to one side of his head, the patient having the power to perceive his own malady, with the unimpaired faculties of the other side. It is no uncommon thing to find persons acute on all subjects save one-thus proving the possibility of a partial injury of the brain, or the hypothesis of a plurality of organs." In the chapter on Combativeness, we meet with the very sensible and necessary observation that we must not consider the possession of particular and instinctive propensities, as acquitting us of responsibility in the indulgence of culpable actions. On the contrary it is the perversion of our faculties which causes the greatest misery we endure, and for which (having the free exercise of reason) we are accountable to God. |