EXCHANGES.

MAGAZINE OF WESTERN HISTORY.-This is an attractive and ably conducted journal, which has been recently started at Cleveland, Ohio. It deals mainly with Western history, though the contributions are chiefly on the history of the Ohio Valley, and the majority of the writers are residents in Ohio. This is natural, for the magazine is the outgrowth of local history, and especi ally the county histories of Ohio, the anomalous editor and publisher having been the publisher of county history in that State. We think that, in order to represent Western history in all its broad range, the magazine would be better if published in Chicago, as that city is really the center of what may now be called the West. There are many parts of Western history which have never been treated of in a sufficiently careful and critical manner; but the region which has been most overlooked is just that which lies on either side of the Mississippi River. The period which has been most neglected is that which e apsed between 1750 and 1830, the period in which this region was gradually taken from the hands of the Indians and finally settled by the whites. The magazine is, however, geographically near, and may become the exponent of the history of all this region. It serves for the West much better than any magazine can when located in an eastern city, and we therefore can wish for it a useful career. It has been needed, and we hope it may be sustained.

BOOK REVIEWS.

The Indian Tribes of the United States-Their History, Antiquities, Customs, Religion, Art, Traditions, Oral Legends and Myths, edited by FRANCIS S. DRAKE. Illustrated by one hundred fine engravings, on steel, Philadelphia; J. B. Lippincott & Co., London, 16 Southampton Street, Covent Garden, 1884. This valuable work is, in a sense, a reproduction of the celebrated work, by Schoolcraft, on Indian Tribes, though it is arranged in a more systematic shape and contains much new material. The former was published for the Government, by the Lippincotts, and a few of the same plates have been used. Other plates, however, have been added, so that this may be said to be a new work, for it is such virtually. The paper and press work make the volume attractive to the eye, and the engravings are full of artistic merit, the only criticism of them being that the engravers, or draughtsmen, failed to give the Indian features to the faces contained in them. The price of the book is also a great recommendation for it. Schoolcraft's original work is now out of print, and cannot be had for less than $65. It is generally held much higher. This book which contains the substantial facts, without the verbiage and irrelevant matter, is sold for $25. It is published in thirty-two parts, quarto, each part containing three full page engravings. There is one fault which will prove somewhat embarassing to the reader; the plates are not arranged so as to go with the reading matter, and it takes much time to hunt them up in the separate parts. The bound volume is not, however, subject to the objection to the same degree, as the reader can easily turn to the plates, even if remote from the reading. The arrangement of the material is a good one. The editor commences with a general description of Indian customs, traditions, superstitions, and the relics which are supposed to have belonged to Indians. This part is very valuable, as it brings together the Mound Builders' relics and Indian customs in such a way that they throw light one upon the other. The second general division of the work embraces the account of the Indian tribes, their location, history, etc. This is written in a brief and comprehensive manner, so as to give a great amount of information in a small compass. Here we should, however, criticize the author. The tribes which were geographically near one another should have been treated in their order, and their location and relative history should have been given. Instead of this the author goes from one extreme tribe to another, and does not undertake to speak of the relation of the tribes to one another at all. A map of the geographical location of the tribes is, however, given, and this proves instructive. It is probable that ethnologists will find some imperfec

tions in the author's account of the classification and divisions of the tribes, but they are, in the main, correct or, at any rate, as correct as the present information will admit. There is need of a book which shall give the geog. raphy of the Indian tribes in a more critical and detailed shape, but for the present this is the best that we have. All the other authors who have written upon the subject, such as Albert Gallatin, C. C. Jones, H. H. Bancroft, Catlin, De Forest and others, having treated the subject from a limited range. Mr. Drake's editorial work in this publication reflects credit upon his judgment, and is sufficiently accurate for general purposes. It is an excellent summary, and is really the only book which treats of all the Indian tribes, and will be sought for on account of its comprehensiveness.

A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriotic Antiquities, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, by LOUIS P. DI CESNOLA, L. L. D., Director of the Museum, with an interesting introduction by ERNST CURTIUS, of Berlin; in two volumes. Boston: J. R. Osgood & Co.

This welcome publication, of which the first volume only has so far appeared, consists of large folio plates, unbound, 17 x 14 inches, with one or more descriptive letter press pages attached to each plate. Each volume is to consist of about 150 plates; the first devoted to the statues and statuettes mainly, the others to the gold, silver and bronze, and to the inscriptions. The objects are reproduced by the heliotype process from photographs, and a considerable number of them will be colored. This insures a very accurate presentation of the objects to the eye, and the deficiencies, which this process necessarily finds in dealing with pieces in the round, are supplemented by the letter press, where every detail is described with all the fullness desired. To the large statues a whole plate may be given; the smaller pieces are grouped in varying numbers together; but each is minutely described, its provenance is given, its condition when found, its condition at the present time, which includes any repairs that may have been made, its details of carving, etc. In fact, with this atlas before the student, he will be able to gain all the information necessary for a scientific study of the collection, and gain a fair idea of the great extent, the variety, the extreme value, and the unique character of the collection, if never before. The Atlas can never supersede the study of the objects themselves, of course, but it offers to those who may not be able to visit the mu seum exceptional advantages. The first volume is chiefly given up to the objects from the Temple of Golgos and the adjacent district. The complaint made by Lang some years ago in the Revue Archæologique that the statues from the temple, and the field about two hundred yards distant, were not kept distinct, has now been met by a careful assignment of each to a locality of its find. Since the English occupation of Cyprus, a museum of antiquities has been formed at the capitol, Levkosia, and under its auspices some excavations were conducted in 1883, near Cythrea, on the site of a temple that proved to be that of Apollo. The description of this temple sounds like a mere repetition of Cesnola's account of the Temple of Golgos, and the published figures of the statues and statuettes found there bear so strong a resemblance to many from Golgos, that one, on meeting them somewhere astray without labels, might be tempted to say they came direct from the Cesnola collections. We notice the same material, the same costumes, the same arrangement of hair, the same abnormal peculiarities, the same variety of types-Egyptian, Assyrian, Phoenician, Persians, Greeks, Romans and intermediate grades. The headless statue, holding the bovine head in his left hand, about which much has been said, finds an almost exact counterpart, to judge from the cut, with the excep tion that in the place of the bovine head, the Cythrea statue holds a victory in its hand and the elbow rests upon a more clearly defined pillar. Manifestly, if the sculptors of Golgos and Cythrea were not the same, their schools were the same or closely akin. It is rare that the archæological world has the fortune to welcome so important and so sumptuous a work as this Atlas, in the production of which no expense and no pains have been spared to make it a great monument of the museum, as the collection itself makes the museum deservedly famous. Curtius, Perrot, Birch and Murray have united in contributions to the Atlas, and have thus testified to the interest which archæologists feel in the collection, and the estimation in which it is held by all who are compent to judge.

The Ancient Empire of the East, by A. H. SAYCE, New York; Charles Scribner Sons, 1884.

The five chapters in this book were written to accompany the edition of the first three books of Herodotus. So rapid has been the progress of research, that Rawlinson's notes have become antiquated, and Le Normant's history needs to be rewritten. Even Maspero is left behind. The life and history of the ancient civilizations of the East have been sketched on the authority of the monuments. The author finds a great difference between the writers of clas sical antiquity and the ancient monuments. Herodotos is especially faulty and can be understood only after many explanations have been made. These explanations are furnished by the decipherment of the hieroglyphics and alphabets of of the East.

It is supposed that Herodotus never visited either Upper Egypt or Babylonia. He has given us a collection of the folk-tales of the fifth century before our era, and the "dragoman's version" of oriental history, but has given very few reliable facts. Prof. Sayce treats of Egypt, Babylonia and Assyria, the Phoenicians, Lydia and the Persian Empire, and gives a chapter to each. He says that the earliest traces of man in Egypt are to be found in the stone imple. ments, but thinks the physiological type of the Egyptian of the "Old Empire" was Caucasian, and had no resemblance to the negro. Yet it is difficult to decide his ethnic affinity. The Egyptians were as autochthonous and isolated as their own civilization. Dr. Sayce places the early dynasties 6,000 years ago. The Babylonians and Assyrians he classes as one race, whom he terms Accadians. Their physical type was peculiar, their languages agglutinative, and affiliated to the Ural-Altaic family. The pictorial hieroglyphics were first invented in Elam These became the cuneiform characters. There arose afterward a division, the southern part called Sumar or Shinar, and the northern called Sipara Accad, or the "Highlands." This is an explanation of the two terms which is new, the opinion having been heretofore that the terms "Accadian" and "Sumerian" signified two distinct races. Dr. Sayce thinks they were the same race, and both allied to the Turanian. This primitive population was supplanted by the Semites. Berosos (Sic) is the historian of this country, as Manetho is of Egypt. The history begins with myth, a period which lasted 432,000 years, but the belief is that the temple of the Sun God at Sippara dates about 3750 B. C. This is the oldest date known to history. All older dates are merely conjectural. Even this is somewhat uncertain. Rawlinson makes the earliest 2250 B. C. The Phonecians were the Semites who took possession of the low lands of Canaan about the time that other Semites conquered Accadia, but when the Hyksos were ruling at Memphis, they were occupying the mouths of the Nile and the whole coast land, and gave to it the name Caphtor. They colonized Kypros-Cyprus-called it Kittim, then Rhodes, Melos and other islands, and finally Kartia, near Gibralter, in the district of Tarshish. The Hebrews had the same ancestors as the Phoenicians, but the Phoenicians were mingled with the aboriginese and the Assyrians of Damascus. The foundation of Tyre was about 2750 B. C. The Phoenician Tsor, denotes "the rock" or island on which it stood. On this matter of the Phoenicians the author has displayed much learning. The book is a valuable contribution to knowledge, especially on the subject of Phoenicia. Lydia is the link that binds together the history of Asia and Europe. Here the Hittites come in. They were of a proto-Armenian stock, and settled near Cadish, on the Orontes, and Carchemish on the river Euphrates. The Hittites invented a system of hieroglyhic writing, which they carried with them into Asia Minor, about 1300 B. C. Lydia owed its art and culture to the Hittites. This race, singularly enough, has been entirely unknown until within a few years. think our readers will be interested in this book, and we are sure that they will find it full of new and reliable and valuable information.

We

Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, 1880 and 1881, by J. W. POWELL, Director. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1883.

No better illustration of the progress which archæology and ethnology are making in this country can be found than that given by this report. The introductory remarks of the director, Maj. J. W. Powell, shows splendid generalizing power and broad scholarship. The article on the Zuni Fetiches, by

Frank Hamilton Cushing, brings before us something entirely new. The facts correspond, however, to others which we have already noticed among the emblematic mounds, and show that a common system existed among all the tribes. We are delighted with this article as much as if the information was an original discovery made by ourselves. We next read the "Myths of the Iroquois," by Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith. Here we find the native mythology brought before us in a charming style, reminding us of the ancient tales of Greece and the far famed Scandinavian myths, but more conformed to the scenes of nature and to primitive superstition. They form another chapter in the great mythologic history of our country, and remind us as to how much we have lost by allowing so many tribes to pass away without telling us their stories. We next read the article by Mr. Henry W. Henshaw, "Animal Carvings from the Mounds of the Mississippi Valley." We recognize the cuts, which have become so familiar, and agree with the writer in many of his conclusions, but prefer to leave some questions open. He is certainly insinuating a great deal when the writer says that the discoverer of the elephant pipes and the inscribed tablet at Davenport had a remarkable "archæologic instinct, and the aid of his divining rod," when making his discoveries, as if he was guilty of an intentional fraud. We should consider it a libel if it was said of us. We pass on to the "Navajo Silversmiths," by Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. A., and find that the native artists, with their rude contrivances, are able to work out many fine specimens of art, and are led to admire the skill of the native American. The next article is by Mr. W. H. Holmes, on "Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans." Mr. Holmes is an excellent draughtsman, and has exercised his skill in representing the rude drawings and carvings, so that the figures may come before the eye and appear as they are in the shells. These figures are in the shape of crosses, serpents, dragons, birds and various nondescript creatures. The question arises, are they altogether of native American origin, or are they signs of an intruded cultus, such as might come from Christian countries. The cross might indeed be pre-Christian, and the serpent might have been a primitive symbol of the Aryan race, but the position which the author takes, in common with others, that they were of native origin, is, in our opinion, at least, open to doubt. The Suastika is as clearly seen in some of these figures as it is in the whorls found by Schliemann in the mound at Hissarlik, and there is no reason for denying its prevalence in America. It is only because men are held to a theory that they are so tenacious of the native origin of everything in America. Castellani recognized primitive Aryan symbols in American art when he was in this country, and we may as well keep our minds open to conviction as to say that it is a foregone conclusion that everything in America is and must be native American. The report of Col. Stephenson on the "Collections obtained from the Indians in New Mexico and Arizona, in 1879,” is a valuable paper, and shows that in these regions aboriginal art was advanced very much beyond that of the mound-bullders.

But we would say in reference to the volume as a whole, that it indicates very thorough work both in the director and in the assistants, and is very creditable to the scholarship of the gentlemen connected with the Bureau. There is a rich field in America, and it is to be hoped that it will continue to be worked. We have unbounded admiration for thorough and honest work, and believe that the Bureau is destined to accomplish great things in American archæology—at least this is the impression which we get from the Second Annual Report.

The Odyssey of Homer, Books I-X-II. The Text, and and an English Version in Rythmic Prose, by GEORGE Herbert PALMER, Professor of Philosophy, in Harvard University. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1884. This is a charming book. It is an actual luxury to take it up and look at it, as everything about it is in such excellent taste-type, paper, binding and all. The Greek type is beautiful, and the translation is on the opposite page, the two correspoding remarkably in their place on the page. The translation is elegant. It is a perfect delight to read such a translation, with its perfect diction, and yet so literal and so true to the meaning of the original Greek. It is a wonderful book-one out of a thousand.

Pre-Historic America, by the MARQUIS DE NADAILLAC. don: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1884.

New York and Lon

One of the strongest evidences that Archæology is making great progress in this country, is the fact that so many books are being published on the subject. Seven years ago, when this Journal was started, there was scarcely anything which could furnish reliable information to the inquiring public. Fos ter's Pre-historic races was then on sale, but it was nearly out of date. Wilson's last edition, in two volumes, had appeared but it was very expensive. Other than these, there was nothing except the government publications, such as "Smithsonian Reports," Smithsonian Contributions, Simpsons Explorations, The Pacific R. R. Survey, Hayden's Survey and one or two volumes of Powell's Survey. These were bulky and difficult for the ordinary reader to secure. There appeared soon after, however, the two or three little volumes written by Rev. J. P. McLean. The book on “Vanished Races," by Conant, and last but not least, the valuable work by Prof. J. T. Short, on the North Americans of Antiquity. About this time there were several societies in France which were making a specialty of Archæology. As a result of these and the interest which had been awakened on the two continents, the Marquis de Nadaillac prepared the volume whose title is given above, and the work seems to be a valuable summary or compilation, so valuable, in fact, that the author and the American editor and publisher thought it best to bring out a translation of it for American readers. Maj. J. W. Dall was selected as the editor. He has not translated, but has revised the original edition, adding to it such material as might be gathered upon this side of the water. This was well, for the author, notwithstanding his intelligence in matters pertaining to American Archæology in a broad and general sense was necessarily more or less ignorant of the investigators who were making discoveries, but whose names had not become prominent in Europe. Maj. Dall was more familiar with these, though he, owing to his long residence upon the northwest coast, does not seem to be fully informed in reference to the more recent investigations. His acquaintance is extensive on the Atlantic coast, but is lacking as far as the interior is concerned. As a result certian important points have been left out of the book, especially those concerning the latest classification of the mounds and the relics which have been discovered in them. Still the book proves to be an interesting one. It is written with the French briliancy and with American caution. There are some points which are taken for granted which would have better been left as mere tentative theories, or as as suppositions which might be overthrown or confirmed as the science should advance. Certainly the position that man in America has been found associated with extinct animals and is of undoubted extreme antiquity, is far from being proven, and if it were proven, it does not follow that this primitive man made his home under the shells of the gigantic glyptodon. This is the visionary fancy of the French author. The naturalist, Lund, discovered bones of man in caves in Brazil, and in the same caves were bones of the extinct animals, but they belonged to different horizons. Pre glacial man in America is not a certainty, even if the Paleolethics found in the gravel beds at Trenton are quoted as evidence, The book is splendidly printed and contains many valuable engravings. It treats of the antiquities of North America as well as South America, and is written in a fascinating style, and will undoubtedly be sought for by American Archaeologists as the latest and the best contribution to the science.

Siam and Laos, as seen by our American Missionaries. Philadelphia, Presbyterian Board of Publication, No. 1334, Chestnut St.

The description of Siam has been given many times but, generally in expensive books. The Presbyterian Board has brought together into an attractive volume, a series of essays upon the country, written by different missionaries. The volume begins with an account of the geographical and archæological features of the country. This is not the most interesting, but the most valuable part of the book. There is in it a description of the "Cambodian Ruins" of Nagkon Wat. The structure cover an area of overs ten acres. It rises in three quadangular tiers of thirty feet. Out of the highest central point springs a great tower 180 feet high, and four inferior corner towers. It has been suggested that Mt. Meru, the center of the Budhist Universe, with its sacred rock circles, is symbolized.