may well have been the case, their favorite bivalve, the oyster, cannot live in these waters, and the rocky points of coral limestone cropping out, forbid free cultivation. Many tracts of this rocky ridge, (known on the present maps as Rocky Pine Land), are covered with broken stone, the results of disintegration of these rocky points. The removal of these fragments, no doubt a work of great labor, has released a large breadth of soil available for cultivation, on both sides of the fresh water river. Whether these heaps were raised by early colonies of Spaniards, such as were known to have been wrecked here about the middle of the sixteenth century, or by Indian tribes forced in long past ages by the encroachments of more northern ones, to find refuge in this remote spot, it is impossible to say. In the Journal of Commissioner Ellicott, who took water for his vessel from this river in 1799, he speaks of no Indians, but shot deer and wild fowl freely, and gathered an abundance of wild limes, which seems to indicate an early Spanish occupation. On the other hand, an Indian burial mound of sand rises 200 yards from the shore of the Bay, at a point about a quarter of a mile south of the river, which would seem to indicate an Indian settlement, as does the considerable admixture of clam shells in the soil of the north bank, upon which stood the buildings of Fort Dallas.

In exploring the sand mound referred to, I found many burials, but in such a state of decay, as to be merely distinguishable by a shade in the sand. The only relic was a beautiful earthern cup symmetrically shaped, and ornamented with incised lines of graceful pattern, which was in almost perfect condition. Before closing this paper, I venture to observe, that the objects found in the mounds on this Atlantic Coast of Florida, illustrate the extent and the limit of trade with tribes further north. In two mounds I have found fragments of galena; in one a sheet of mica; in one a stone gorget; in one mound eight ceremonial weapons evidently a hidden store of a manufacturer, and in fifteen mounds fifty-eight celts. All these objects came originally from points further north. They were made of material not to be procured in Florida. The Artisan of Upper Georgia and North Carolina brought his finest work to obtain the best return in the shells and beads for which he exchanged them.

The mounds about St. Augustine differ but little from those on the coast to the northward, in the character of their contents. Celts are frequently found-but these objects disappear by the time we reach the southern boundary of St. Johns County, fifty miles south of St. Augustine; from there to Cape Sabine, not one of the above northern made objects appears. It might reasonably be inferred that the pre-historic trade in these implements, was therefore of comparatively recent date,

and the North Florida tribes were ready to absorb the supply, such as it was, leaving no surplus for those tribes further south. It is also a question whether at the period of the Spanish occupation this trade had not for some unknown reason already ceased, and the existing stock of implements have been buried in the mounds. This may be inferred from the absolute silence of both Spanish and French historians, as to the prevalence of any stone objects, save arrowheads. Had celts been abundant or prevalent, so minute an observer as Landonniere would scarcely have failed to record the fact, but the only reference to stone implements of any sort I find in his report, is in the account of an exploring party sent by him up the St. Johns, which states that certain tribes object to warring against a certain King, because he controls a region whence is obtained the stone for the wedges used in splitting wood.

A minute inspection of these beautiful implements, shows that they cannot have been used for rougher work than scraping and polishing skins. The only other reference to stone implements (possibly celts) occurs in Ribault's own narrative. of his first expedition as follows: "Their spades and mattocks are made of wood so well and fitly as it is possible, which they make with certain stones, oyster shells and mussels, with which they also make their bows and arrows and short lances, and cut and polish all sorts of wood that they employ about their building." This seems a near approach to the possible use of the celt, though it is quite as likely to refer to the rude flint scrapers which are found over the entire Peninsula, notably on the West Coast, where the raw material is abundant. A similarity of pattern and occasionally of material, between these Florida Celts and those used by the Caribs in the West Indies, has induced the idea with some that these latter tribes may have supplied such implements in the way of trade, but the evidence of the mounds points the other way. If this had been the case, celts would have appeared in excess from Cape Florida to Carnaveral, the points nearest and most accessible to the Carib Voyagers from the Bahamas, whereas the exploration of twenty-eight sand mounds, between St. Johns County and Cape Sabine, revealed no implements of the sort, while fifteen of the twenty mounds explored on and near the coast, within the limits of St. Johns County, produced fifty-eight. It seems somewhat remarkable that none of these celts, when found in the mounds, were in juxta position with any burial. The Sanchez mound, eight miles north of St. Augustine, produced twenty-five celts. The mound itself was but nine feet high, top plateau thirty feet diameter, and base diameter seventy-five feet. I found in this mound twenty original burials, extremely decayed, each comprising a mass of the larger bones capped by the skull. These burials were at the depth of five feet and were arranged (with slight irregularity)

in a circle of twenty feet diameter. They were encrusted with red paint, which discolored the soil about them, and indicated their presence before they were reached by the spade. No foreign objects were found near them, but the celts were distributed irregularly through the interior of the mound, and within the circle of burials, at depths varying from two to six feet, Two whetstones or hones of water-worn sand-stone, two small pebbles each with a flattened side, a fine spear-head of Chalcedony, and about half a pint of red paint in a mass, included all the find other than celts. No doubt the red paint, when originally dropped or buried, was enclosed in a small bag, such as the friendly Paracoussy presented with similar contents to Ribault, on his first visit to the River of May, in 1562. Neither in this mound nor in any other, have I found any foreign object intimately associated with the group of bones except beads, which were sometimes found by the handful, placed upon or just over the skull. It seems to be conceded, that the Indians in early times in Florida, and in many other Southern States, exposed the bodies of the dead to the air, protected by a pen of logs against wild animals. It was not till years had past, and both flesh and smaller bones had disappeared, that they were gathered and deposited in the mound, in the state which I have described. Often (I am not sure it was always so) they were plentifully besmeared with red paint or ochreous earth, and so laid away in their final resting place, erected as a permanent receptacle.

Whether it was with a view to concealment, or from a veneration for their deceased owners, that these objects were deposited in the mound, is still an open question; but I venture to think, that the lapse of years between their temporary and final entombment, had largely blunted any special veneration for the several masses of decayed fragmentary bones, whose individuality was gone, and that the objects found generally in such mounds, are those which the Indian temporarily buried, as inconvenient to carry, when threatened by hostile tribes with expulsion from his village, or were possibly dropped by the laborers when erecting the mounds. The almost total absence of arrow or spear-heads from the mounds, when these would have been possessions intimately associated with the deceased, is in this connection significant. Of my collection of arrow-heads from Florida, not more than twenty have been exhumed from mounds, and of spear-heads only eight. Speaking solely as to the testimony of the mounds on the Atlantic Coast of Florida, I am inclined to believe, that while weapons and implements belonging to the deceased, may have been deposited with his remains in the pen or wooden enclosure which constituted his temporary shelter, they were rarely, if ever, transferred with his bones to their final resting place in these burial mounds.

ANDREW E. DOUGLASS.

THE SACRIFICIAL STONE OF SAN JUAN,
TEOTIHUACAN.

[Read before the Section of Anthropology of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Philadelphia, September, 1884.]

From the best information obtainable, I can learn of no place where the Sacrificial Stone of San Juan, Teotihuacan, has been described. At first thought this seems strange, but upon reflection I am convinced that the reason is not so strange as was at first apparent. Many writers have described the remains at this place, but several of these writers have never seen that of which they tell.

Others have written their accounts from visits of two or three hours duration, in which time they could barely visit the two pyramids and from their tops secure an idea of the topography of the surrounding country.

A day spent here will only give one a general idea of the positions of the remains and of their character. In order to obtain this, every moment of time must be occupied in the most available manner with the material at hand.

The Sacrificial Stone is but a few yards from the point where the "Micoatl," or "Path of the Dead," enters the open court south of the pyramid of the moon. It is just west of a mound about eighteen feet high, beneath which is an opening

entering the ground for some distance. The stone rests on its base, leaning slightly against a pile of debris, which prevents any view of the bottom and one side.

This stone is of gray granite. Its estimated weight is twelve tons. It is evidently a combination of a Sacrificial Stone and an idol. It is cut from one piece of stone, the upper portion or cap being the Sacrificial Stone proper, below which is the pedestal and base, one end of which, at least, is occupied by an image probably used as an idol. The work upon this image is well executed, but does not equal that of the great Sacrificial Stone taken from beneath the "Socalo," or Great Plaza, in the city of Mexico, and now exhibited in the court of the National Museum. The difference in carving may most likely be explained by a difference in the time of the manufacture that of San Juan being perhaps much the older. This stone is square at the top and bottom and is made from lighter colored granite than the larger circular stone in the City of Mexico.

The stone at San Juan is five feet, six inches square at the top and bottom, and exactly six feet high. Three sides and the top of it are exposed to view, The top is dressed very true and is unmarked save by a gutter running through its center to the front and rear, down the former of which it may be traced for a short distance expanding as it becomes less distinct.

Around the top is a square groove two inches deep. About half way down the cap is a semi-circular groove less than one inch deep extending entirely around the stone. Below the cap the sides of the stone are abruptly cut smaller. This smaller part, at the front of the stone, is occupied by the figure of a gigantic human face, artistically arranged to support the heavy upper part of the stone.

The nose is very large, expanding toward the end where are cut two small holes to represent nostrils. The eyes are cut into the rock and are surrounded by grooves to represent either the lids or eyebrows. The mouth is cut into the stone about an inch and is similar in shape to the eyes.

It is also surrounded by a groove to represent the lips. Upon each side of the head is a slightly oblong cutting with a smaller raised circle upon each-these, I think, are the ears of the figure. From each ear a ridge of the same size extends to the posterior surface of the stone.

Immediately below each ear and attached thereto is an oblong figure which I have considered an ear pendant. Just below the ears the stone gradually expands to a base of the same size as the cap.

This slope may have been extended for shoulders. The sides of the face are cut almost straight, but the lower portions approaching the chin are rounded, indicating a fullness of the