served between the two Houses from motives of respect and good understanding. 2 Hats. 242. Were the bill to be withheld from being presented to the king, it would be an infringement of the rules of Parliament. Ib.

[When a bill has passed both Houses of Congress, the House last acting on it, notifies its passage to the other, and delivers the bill to the joint committee of enrolment, who see that it is truly enrolled in parchment.] When the bill is enrolled, it is not to be written in paragraphs, but solidly, and all of a piece, that the blanks between the paragraphs may not give room for forgery. 9 Grey, 143. [It is then put into the hands of the clerk of the House of Representatives to have it signed by the Speaker. The clerk then brings it by way of message to the Senate to be signed by their president. The Secretary of the Senate returns it to the committee of enrolment, who present it to the President of the United States. If he approve, he signs, and deposits it among the rolls in the office of the Secretary of State, and notifies by message the House in which it originated that he has approved and signed it; of which that House informs the other by message. If the president disapproves, he is to return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated; who are to enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the President's objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall be

come a law. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted,) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. Const. U. S. I. 7.]

[Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a case of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect, it shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thrds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Const. U. S. I. 7.]

SEC. XLIX.-JOURNALS.

[Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy. Const. U. S. I. 5.]

[The proceedings of the Senate, when not acting as in a committee of the whole, shall be entered on the journals, as concisely as possible, care being taken to detail a true account of the proceedings. Every vote of the Senate shall be entered on the journals, and a brief statement of the contents of each petition, memorial, or paper presented to the Senate, be also inserted on the journal. Rule 32.]

[The titles of bills, and such parts thereof only

as shall be effected by proposed amendments, shall be inserted on the journals. Rule 31.]

If a question is interrupted by a vote to adjourn, or to proceed to the orders of the day, the original question is never printed in the journal, it never having been a vote, nor introductory to any vote: but when suppressed by the previous question, the first question must be stated, in order to introduce and make intelligible the second. Hats. 83.

2

So also when a question is postponed, adjourned, or laid on the table, the original question, though not yet a vote, must be expressed in the journals; because it makes part of the vote of postponement, adjourning, or laying it on the table.

Where amendments are made to a question, those amendments are not printed in the journals, separated from the question; but only the question as finally agreed to by the House. The rule of entering in the journals only what the House has agreed to, is founded in great prudence and good sense; as there may be many questions proposed which it may be improper to publish to the world, in the form in which they are made. 2 Hats. 25.

[In both Houses of Congress, all questions whereon the yeas and nays are desired by one-fifth of the members present, whether decided affirmatively or negatively, must be entered in the journals. Const. I, 5.]

The first order for printing the votes of the House of Commons, was October 30, 1685. 1 Chandler, 387.

Some judges have been of opinion that the jour

nals of the House of Commons are no records, but only remembrances. But this is not law. Hob. 110, 111, Lex. Parl. 114, 115, Jour. H. C. Mar. 17, 1592. Hale. Parl. 105. For the lords in their House have power of judicature, the commons in their House have power of judicature, and both Houses together have power of judicature; and the book of the clerk of the House of Commons is a record, as is affirmed by the act of Parl. 6 H. 8, c. 16. 4 Inst. 23, 24, and every member of the House of Commons hath a judicial place. 4 Inst. 15. As records they are open to every person, and a printed vote of either House is sufficient ground for the other to notice it. Either may appoint a committee to inspect the journals of the other, and report what has been done by the other in any particular case. 2 Hats. 261. 3 Hats. 27 -30. Every member has a right to see the journals, and to take and publish votes from them.— Being a record, every one may see and publish them. 6 Grey, 118, 119.

On information of a mis-entry or an omission of an entry in the journal, a committee may be appointed to examine and rectify it, and report it to the House. 2 Hats. 194, 5.

SEC. L.-ADJOURNMENT.

The two Houses of Parliament have the sole, separate, and independent power of adjourning each their respective Houses. The king has no authority to adjourn them; he can only signify his desire, and it is in the wisdom and prudence of either House to comply with his requisition, or not as they see fitting. 2 Hats. 232. 1 Blackstone, 186. 5 Grey, 122.

[By the Constitution of the United States a smal ler number than a majority may adjourn from day to day. I. 5. But "neither House, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting." I. 5. And in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, the president may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. Const. II. 3.]

A motion to adjourn, simply, cannot be amend ed as by adding "to a particular day." But must be put simply "that this House do now adjourn?” and if carried in the affirmative, it is adjourned to the next sitting day, unless it has come to a previous resolution, "that at its rising it will adjourn to a particular day," and then the House is adjourned to that day, 2 Hats. 82.

Where it is convenient that the business of the House be suspended for a short time, as for a conference presently to be held, &c., it adjourns during pleasure, 2 Hats. 305. Or for a quarter of an hour. 5 Grey, 331.

If a question be put for adjournment, it is no adjournment till the speaker pronounces it. 5 Grey, 137. And from courtesy and respect, no member leaves his place till the speaker has passed

on.

SEC. LI.-A SESSION.

Parliament have three modes of separation, to wit: by adjournment, by prorogation, or dissolution by the king, or by the efflux of the term for which they were elected. Prorogation or disso