his LORD in such a way as to so separate the human from the Divine. He is Very Man. True. But he is also Very GOD of Very GOD. To base any argument on the authenticity of the Mosaic authorship on the intellect of CHRIST will satisfy neither believer nor critic. The critic will answer, if you eliminate the Divine from CHRIST, then the intellect of CHRIST must be judged by the same canons we would apply to any man, and there is nothing to warrant the belief that JESUS of Nazareth was a competent critic or witness. To the devout believer, such an argument will be valueless, since he will reply, I accept the words of CHRIST as final, because it was the Incarnate WORD that spake them. I accept them, not on account of the manhood of CHRIST, but by reason of His Godhead.

We confess that the articles by Professor Bissell and by Professor Green, of Princeton, take, in our opinion, safer grounds. The former boldly says:

But even with no such postulate of a deeper human CHRIST and a New Testament history, luminous with miracles, the claim which the Pentateuch makes for itself should be allowed to be a possible one in any candid discussion of the subject. [p. 73.]

Mr. Bissell scores when he points out to those who would have us believe that to the priests and prophets of the exile, or even later, we owe the greater portion of the three Codes, and that these persons, in making laws suitable to their own times, ascribed them to Moses, or to Moses and Aaron, in order to give them currency.

In the one way or the other, this most anomalous method of legislating for a great people, it is affirmed, went on for hundreds of years. Nobody pretends to assert that there has ever appeared any evidence that the people of Israel themselves recognised as such the illusion with which they beguiled themselves. Every supposed legislator-there must have been scores of them-keeps himself as carefully out of sight as though he had never existed. [p. 77.]

The point is well taken. There is sound logic in it. Professor Green, of Princeton, limits his discussion to the first eleven. chapters of Exodus, and by a careful analysis meets the critics on their own grounds. The style is lucid, and the reasoning close; perhaps too close to make the essay popular. In such matters we are at one with Mr. Green, no reasoning can be too close.

Professor Schodde deals with "the testimony of the Pentateuch to itself." An ill-chosen heading, since the two previous essays

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deal with the same argument. However, the heading is little if the matter be much. At the very outset, Mr. Schodde draws attention to what is nine times out of ten complacently ignored.

"It

is one thing to be the recipient of a revelation; it is another thing to write down such a revelation." Quite so; many men, we are told, received revelation from GOD, who never wrote a word of them. The reasoning in this essay is, however, not equal to the promise of the commencement. That by Prof. Willis J. Beecher deals with the proofs that the Historical Books (Chronicles excepted) yield of the non-existence of the Mosaic writings, and Prof. Milton S. Terry, of the Garrett is carefully written. Biblical Institute, Evanston, writes on Chronicles and the Mosaic Legislation, and takes up seriatim several criticisms, meeting them in the main satisfactorily. Prof. Henry M. Harman deals with the Testimony of the Prophetical and Poetical Books of the Old Testament to the Pentateuch, and is, in our opinion, one of the best essays in the volume. The following by Prof. Israel E. Dwinell, is not very satisfactory. It deals principally with the effects that "Higher Criticism" has on men's minds. To us this argument is beyond the point. We have to refute assertions of certain Even if we could demonstrate irrefutably the critics if we can. evil effects of any criticism, what answer is that to the truth of the criticisms themselves. Is it not like abusing the plaintiff's attorney? The essay on the Difficulties of the New Hypotheses, by Prof. Jacob Streibert, of Gambier, O., sets forth clearly and temperately the difficulties which would have to be faced by the adoption of the hypotheses which the critics offer. The wholesale acceptance of the hypotheses would really entail a greater strain on the reasoning powers than the apparent inconsistencies at present involve.

Prof. C. R. Hemphill, of Columbia, S. C., writes on The Validity and Bearing of the Testimony of CHRIST and His Apostles. It is easy to prove that CHRIST and His Apostles accepted the historical character of the Pentateuch and referred to Moses as the The great authority on the Law. Still, as we have before pointed out, this does not meet the questions raised by the critics. critics boldly deny the competency of CHRIST and His Apostles Granted that to sit in the Judgment seat in these matters. CHRIST and the Apostles accepted the traditional belief, but that traditional belief the critics say was false. Proving that the LORD and His disciples accepted that traditional belief does not

who lower

or deny the Divinity of CHRIST. Internal evidence, so it seems to us, buttressed by modern scientific research, into the geography, customs, habits, manners, religion, etc., which characterised not only the children of Israel, but the neighboring nations as they existed during the period the Pentateuch covers is the only logical way of meeting the critics. We are of the firm opinion, that so-called modern Criticism can be answered by Modern Research. Set a critic to answer a critic. The last paper, that by Prof. Howard Osgood, covers to a certain extent the necessary ground. The following sentence meets the point at issue clearly:

One searches in vain in their writings (i. e., those of the opponents of the Pentateuch as history) for any real appreciation of the utter revolution that has taken place in ancient history by reason of the startling resurrection of long-lived nations. [p. 380].

The critics appeal to

We heartily endorse that statement. history. Let us take them to history. They appeal away from tradition. Let us put for the moment tradition on one side, and bring them face to face with the imperishable inscriptions of the past. They appeal to the past. To the past let them be taken. Let the resurrection of the past which GOD in His own good time has, we devoutly believe, brought to pass in these latter days prove the death of their modern theories.

Such a collection of essays, as Mr. Chambers has compiled in one volume, cannot fail to be useful. Written in a popular style, they will interest where more scholarly works would not be opened. If, as we have shown, we do not agree with the line of argument some of the essayists have taken, we heartily coincide with that taken by others. Quot homines, tot sententiæ. What we may deem inconclusive other minds may deem the reverse, and for that reason the Editor was perhaps right in admitting such a latitude in the treatment of what to all Christians must be a matter of profound interest.

The All-Father: Sermons Preached in a Village Church. By Rev. H. P. NEUNHAM. London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co.

We are given in this volume fourteen sermons and eighteen minute sermons. The first are on the LORD's Prayer. To us these sermons seem especially fit to be given to young deacons, or students, who are allowed to preach or read sermons. The common fault of such preachers is that they aim too high. Simplicity comes with experience. Here we have sermons that are simple

in style, sound in theology, and capable of comprehension by any audience having a slight knowledge of Christianity, and yet conveying deep lessons for devout believers. They possess, as Edna Lyall in her Preface to them rightly claims, forcibleness and depth. After a perusal of the sermons, we turned back to see what the gifted authoress had to say of them, and we heartily endorse her estimate of the preacher.

He insisted on going to the root of the matter, on making his hearers ask themselves what they meant by the words which they were in the habit of saying so glibly and mechanically.

We especially commend the tenth sermon, that on our Father's gift of "Bread." Simple as it ought to be, to see that "The Bread of Life" is what is chiefly meant by the petition, yet, alas! how many sermons overlook it; how many teachers positively ignore it? The parallelism between the laws and phenomena of bodily life and those of spiritual life are well brought out. Of pretentious sermons, full of fine writing, we have an overabundance, but of Gospel sermons, taking the term in its true, and not party, sense, we ever have a famine, and those belonging to the latter class we again repeat our commendation of them.

An Introduction to the Creeds. By the Rev. C. F. MACLEAR, D.D., Warden of S. Augustine, Canterbury. London and New York : Macmillan & Co.

Here we have another of those excellent series of Elementary Theological Class-Books, published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. Taking Pearson as the basis of his work, Dr. Maclear has profited by all the numerous scholarly works on the Creeds which have appeared during the last fifty years, in England and Germany. We have thus the best text-book yet published. Every Bishop should add it to the list of books recommended students for the ministry. His accurate knowledge of it ought to be a sine qua non with all sectarian ministers before their Ordination as Deacons. At present the road to the Ministry is easier for a sectarian preacher than for a loyal Churchman. Yet the preacher has much to unlearn, and it ought to be the business of the Bishop ordaining him to see that he has thus unlearnt. The Creeds, because they are accepted verbally by many outside the Church, especially require to be known in the original and Catholic sense. We hear a great deal these days of the Nicene Creed being accepted by sectarians and heretics as the symbol of a Common Christianity; whereas, if such persons were questioned

on any one article they would be found ignorant, not only of its history but of its meaning. No book can give any one the grace of Faith, but a text-book like this one will, if mastered, be a guarantee of intellectual Faith in the postulant. The placing in parallel columns of the translation and the original Greek or Latin, and the arrangement in sections with distinct headings, act as so many memoria technica. The appendices are valuable, giving various versions of the Creeds; the general Index might be much improved, but the Index of Greek, Latin, and other words, is a good idea. We trust, however, that in the next edition we shall have given us an Index of Scripture texts quoted. The doctrinal part of the Creeds is wisely considered apart from the historical. By this means we first get the origin and gradual developments of the Creeds, step by step, before considering what they teach de fide. It is true, that in this way the ground is, to some extent, covered twice, but what we lose in brevity of words we gain in simplicity of treatment.

We are glad to see noted the universal acceptance and observance of the Holy Eucharist, as one of the historical facts inexplicable without the Resurrection. It has always seemed a marvel to us how that Holy Sacrifice has burnt up in its holy fire all lesser Sacrifices deeply rooted as the absolute necessity of such had been for centuries and centuries among the people who, one after the other, embraced Christianity. To us this standing marvel has always been a proof of the Divine Immanence in that Blessed Sacrament. Under the VIII Article, we confess we would have liked a fuller treatment of the Filioque argument. Also, instead of relegating to a foot note [p. 207] the very important doctrinal difference when HOLY GHOST stands in the original Greek in the New Testament, with and without the article. This very important fact needed to be treated fully in the body of the text, for it has such bearings on the right teaching of the mission and office of the HOLY GHOST, and is so rarely pointed out, that it ought to have all due prominence.

Briefly, "HOLY GHOST" without the article, means an influence or operation from that Divine Person, while with the article, "THE HOLY GHOST," the Third Person Himself. It is only bearing in mind this distinction that we obtain a true appreciation of our LORD's declaration that before THE HOLY GHOST Would come He must depart. So also [on p. 219] we have relegated to a foot-note the comment on the declaration "that the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it," the comment being that