name as it arises, and of carefully noting every important date. For geography and chronology are the wings of history. Without them the student cannot fly, nor can he walk even, or crawl, except in 'darkness visible,' and in a maze 'without a plan.'

In schools where written answers are sent up weekly, the use of this book as a time-saver for tutors and pupils will be obvious. It may also be profitably used in oral teaching. A competent teacher of history and geography may, with the aid of a wall map or of an atlas in the hands of each of his pupils, do much, with one weekly lesson only, to make his class respectably proficient in subjects where ignorance is as deplorable as it is common. Such a teacher cannot go over the same ground much too often; and his attention may, in the first instance, be directed to those questions which, in one form or another, 'regurgitate' so frequently in the following papers.

With respect to the Essays, the student will do well to supply references to the other subjects, similar to those which are appended here to the first six. It is for this purpose that so much space has been left in this part of the volume; and also because the compiler has found, from experience, that a list of Essay subjects printed closely together is by no means so useful as it might theoretically appear to be. An excellent custom

prevails in many schools of arguing the pros and cons of various questions in the School Debating Society. The compiler would strenuously urge youthful debaters to select their subjects for debate from the questions and essays in this book, and above all to 'fight their battles o'er again,' on the same subject, half after half, or term after term. They will most assuredly find their account in doing so.

OXFORD, May 1879.

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

FOR

CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIPS.

SECOND DIVISION.

HISTORICAL AND GENERAL QUESTIONS.

I.

1. Compare the Greek and English languages as vehicles of thought.

2. Compare Homer and Virgil in respect of their employment of (1) metaphors, (2) epithets.

3. Compare the political and social state of North and South Greece in ancient times.

4. What effect had the Persian wars on the Hellenic world?

5. Explain the formation and character of the Roman Senate. In what sense can it be said to have been a representative assembly?

6. Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes?' Is the implied view of the Gracchi a fair one?

7. Describe the mode in which the House of Commons has gradually extended its power.

B

8. How far did the Saxon and Norman elements of our language become fused into one race?

9. Give a short life of the Sultan Saladin.

II.

1. Paraphrase and comment on the following passage: In arts mechanical the first deviser comes shortest, and time addeth and perfecteth; but in science the first author goeth farthest, and time leeseth and corrupteth. Whereof the reason is no other, but that in the former many wits and industries have contributed in one; and in the latter many wits and industries have been spent about the wit of some one, whom many times they have rather depraved than illustrated. For as water will not ascend higher than the level of the first spring-head from whence it decendeth, so knowledge derived from Aristotle, and exempted from liberty of examination, will not rise again higher than the level of Aristotle. And therefore, although the position be good, Oportet discentem credere, yet it must be coupled with this, Oportet edoctum judicare; for disciples do owe unto masters only a temporary belief and a suspension of their own judgment until they be fully instructed, and not an absolute resignation or perpetual captivity: and therefore to concede this point, I will say no more, but, so let great authors have their due, as time which is the author of authors be not deprived of his due, which is further and further to discover truth.

2. Explain and comment on the following words and phrases: 'society' — ' optimism'-'sense'-' cynicism' -'the golden mean'-'moral courage.'

3. Criticise briefly any two of the following authors: Pascal, Wordsworth, Macaulay, Thackeray, Schiller.