about the exact date of his first attack, but it was probably as early in the year 1730 as the breaking up of the ice would admit of the passage of boats up the river.

MARIN raised a volunteer force at Mackinaw, which was increased at Green Bay by the friendly Indians. All were embarked in boats, each having a full complement of men well armed, and an oil-cloth or tarpaulin large enough to cover the whole boat and conceal the men, such as was generally used to protect traders' goods from the effects of the weather. Near the Grand Chute, some three miles below, but not within view of the Little Butte des Morts, the party was divided, one portion going by land to the rear of the village to aid and support the attack, which was to be made in front by the others from the boats. The men in the boats, with their guns ready for use, were concealed by the coverings, and only two men to row each boat were in view, thus presenting the appearance of a trader's fleet.

When the Foxes discovered the approach of the boats, they placed out their torch, and posted themselves thickly along the bank, and awaited the landing of the boats and the payment of the customary exactions.

The boats having approached near enough for an effective attack, the tarpaulins were suddenly thrown off, and a deadly volley from the musketry of the soldiers, and the discharge from a swivel gun loaded with grape and canister shot, scattered death and dismay among the unsuspecting savages, to whom the number of their enemies seemed treble the reality. They fled precipitately to their village to prepare for defense, pursued by the troops. Here another horror confronted them. A Menomonee warrior had stealthily entered the village and set on fire the frail bark dwellings on the windward side, which were soon wrapped in a sheet of flame. The Foxes in vain sought safety in the forest; but were met by the party which had flanked their retreat, and they found themselves placed between two hostile fires. Then burst forth one heart-rending, agonized shriek, and the devoted band of free-booting Indians prepared to defend themselves with a courage born of despair. Ball and bayonet now began their bloody work, and the tomahawk and scalping knife were active participants in the terrible work of death. No quarter was asked, and none was given. The time occupied by this bloody tragedy was not long; but in its strategy, surprise and sanguinary execution it probably

has no parallel in the annals of Indian warfare. Most of the Foxes were killed or taken prisoners, but a few escaped up the river, and others were absent at the time of the engagement.

The same season the remnant of this savage tribe, having been driven from their village at the Little Butte des Morts, took post about three miles above the Great Butte des Morts, on the southern or opposite side ofthe river.

From the letter of the Marquis DE BEAUHARNOIS to the French Minister, dated June 25, 1730, it not only appears that the Sieur MARIN had written to the Governor an account "concerning the movement he made last March against the Foxes," but also that he (MARIN) was present at a council held at Mackinaw, when the Menomonees and other friendly Indians invited Monsieur DU BUISSON, who commanded the post, to place himself at their head and fall upon the nation of Foxes and destroy it entirely; that Du BUISSON Complied with their request, and that Sieur MARIN went with him. The letter states that

"This officer must have left his post (Mackinaw) the 20th of last May, with six hundred men, among whom are fifty Frenchmen."

The only account of this expedition which is known to exist is the traditionary one, that a severe battle took place at the Great Butte des Morts and many Foxes were killed, though not so many as at the Little Butte des Morts, and that they were again forced to fly.

On the 2d of November, 1730, Messrs. DE BEAUHARNOIS and HOCQUART addressed a letter to the French Minister, in which they say that

"An affair took place in September under the command of the Sieur DE VILLIERS, commanding at the River St. Josephs, to whom were united the Sieur DE NOYELLE, commanding the Miamis, and the Sieur DE ST. ANGE, father and son, with the French of that distant colony, together with those of our posts, and all the neighboring Indians our allies (we numbered from twelve to thirteen hundred men) which resulted in the almost total defeat of the Foxes. Two hundred of their warriors have been killed on the spot, or burned after being taken as slaves, and six hundred women and children were absolutely destroyed.” They add:

"This is a brilliant action which sheds great honor on Sieur DE VILLIERS."

The surviving Foxes located themselves on the northern bank of the Wisconsin river, about twenty miles above its mouth, and probably not far from the present village of Wauzeka. MARIN was unwilling that they should remain here, where they could still obstruct his great thoroughfare, and collecting his tried and trusted band of French and In

dians, he made a distant winter expedition against them. The Foxes were taken completely by surprise, and surrounding the place with his followers, MARIN came suddenly upon them, killed twenty warriors, and took all the others prisoners, together with the women and children. Having fully conquered the Foxes, and having the last remnant of them in his power, MARIN gave them their freedom, but required them to retire beyond the Mississippi, which they did.

The Sieur MARIN was in command at Green Bay in 1754, and received repeated evidences of the appreciation of his services by the French government previous to 1759, when he united with DE LIGNERY in the attempt to relieve Fort Niagara, and shared in its defeat, and with him was taken prisoner. The surrender of Canada soon followed, when most likely he retired to the wilds of Wisconsin and resumed his old occupation of a fur trader.

The date of the final expulsion of the Foxes from Wisconsin is involved in some obscurity, but the little light which can now be obtained appears to fix that event in the year of 1746. For thirty years or more the war between the French and the Foxes, with their allies, had been kept up in the heart of Wisconsin with more or less continuity, and with a determination and animosity rarely, if ever equalled.

No apology can be necessary for the time devoted to the detail of the incidents of this long war, which forms so interesting a portion of Wisconsin's primeval history.

The Sacs were the allies of the Foxes in this long French and Indian war, and many years later the two tribes became confederated and formed the nation known as the Sac and Fox Indians.

At the time of the expulsion of the Foxes, the village of the Sacs was on the east side of Fox river, near the present site of Green Bay where they had until that time demeaned themselves well. About that time a difficulty arose between the French and the Sacs, growing out of a demand upon the Sacs to deliver up the few Foxes living among them, and of the delay of the Sacs in complying with it. The result was that Captain DE VELIE, who had been in command of the garrison at Green Bay, shot three of the Sac chiefs, and that the captain was shot in turn by a young Sac only twelve years old, named Ma-kau-Ta-pe-na-se, or the Black Bird, who subsequently became a distinguished chief among his people.

The garrison being reinforced and joined by the French settlers under the lead of CHARLES DE LANGLADE, attacked the Sauk nation at their village, where a severe battle occurred, in which several were killed on both sides, and the Sauks driven away.

The Sauks now retired to the Wisconsin river, and located upon that beautiful plateau of table land, upon which the twin villages of Prairie du Sac and Sauk City are located, where they had a fine village with comfortable houses. They were living here in 1766, when CARVER Visited the country, but must have left soon after, as in 1795, according to the authentic statement of AUGUSTIN GRIGNON, the village appeared to have been several years deserted, and there were then only a few remains of fire-places and posts to be

seen.

Mr. EDWARD TANNER, in a paper published in the Detroit Gazette in January, 1819, states that he visited the Sauks on the Mississippi river about four hundred miles above St. Louis, in August, 1818, and that "they emigrated from the Wisconsin about thirty-five years ago, approximately fixing the period of their migration about 1783.

It seems probable, judging by the dim light to be derived from any authentic history and from tradition, that the Foxes and Sauks having become confederates, wrested from the Illinois their possessions, and incorporating the remnant which they spared of that numerous tribe, with their own, occupied the territory which had been the home of the Illinois. The principal seat of their power was the country about the mouth of Rock river, from whence in 1831, and more formidably and effectively in 1832, they made those forays upon the pioneer settlers of Illinois and Wisconsin, which resulted in what is generally known as the Black Hawk war.

CHAPTER III.

THE LANGLADE FAMILY.

Biography forms no part of the design of this work, except as it tends to present or explain historical facts. But not to give some account of the family that made the first permanent settlement in Wisconsin would be an unjustifiable omission.

The family of the DE LANGLADES was of the nobility of France and had their castle. New France was the great and captivating field of enterprise for the younger nobility of France whose inheritance was limited, and whose ambition for fame or desire for wealth suggested new fields of adventure. AUGUSTIN DE LANGLADE was born in France about 1695. As early as 1720 he was engaged in the Indian trade among the Ottawas, near Mackinaw, and probably had. the entire control of the trade at that important point. He was married at Mackinaw, very soon after he came there, to the sister of the head Ottawa chief, King NIS-SO-WA-QUET, or as the French called him, La Fourche - The Fork, which alliance contributed largely to his influence among that nation.

Their eldest child was a daughter, born in 1722, named AGATE, whose first husband, SOULIGNY, having died, leaving her no child, she married AMABLE ROY, with whom she lived. at Green Bay, where she died at a great age, never having had any children.

Their second child was born in 1724 at the Ottawa village near Mackinaw, and was a son named CHARLES, who became greatly distinguished.

There were two younger sons, who fell with MONTCALM before Quebec, and whose names have not been preserved; also a daughter, who married a Mr. DE VERVILLE, and who had one son named GAUTIER.

While living at Mackinaw, CHARLES DE LANGLADE had a son, the result of a morganatic marriage with an Ottawa woman. He named this son for himself, recognized and educated him; and he had two sons, one of whom was a lieutenant in the British service, and two daughters, but none of them ever lived in Wisconsin.

It is very likely that Sieur AUGUSTIN DE LANGLADE ac