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SIXTH EDITION, fcap. 8vo, cloth, price Sixpence net. STRONOMY FOR THE YOUNG. By W. T. LYNN, B.A. F.R.A.S.

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LONDON, SATURDAY, JULY 31, 1909.

CONTENTS.-No. 292.
NOTES:-"Plains," Timber-denuded Lands, 81-Oxford

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Lawrence-Essex fatal to Women-Charles II.'s Mock
Marriage-Pigott's 'Jockey Club '--Pilgrim Fathers, 90.

to the question of the signification of these particular plains," the earliest known allusions to which are little more than three centuries old. Historical evidence shows that, in medieval times, the same tracts of land were occupied by ancient parochial woodlands, and that the term

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plains" only arose when and where the woodlands were cleared. Hence there seemed no escape from the conclusion that plain," in this case at least, signified land that was 66 bared of timber. I did not find this obsolete plain," in the sense of being sense noted in any dictionary then accessible to me, and could only regret that the

Civil War Leaders, 82-Illustrations of Shakespeare, 84 Dr. Johnson and Strahan's Virgil,' 85-Happisburgh or Haisborough-" Aviation "-Robin's Alive-Macaulay on Olive Trees, 86 Monuments to American Indians Carlyle on the Peneus-"Dynamometer," 87. QUERIES:-"Pyrrhic victory" "-Farnese Arms-"BierRight": Ordeal by Touch, 87-T. L. Peacock: George Meredith-Bridgewater Borough-"Coherer "The Oera Linda Book'-Goethe on Ignorance in Motion' Hollow Loaf foretelling Death-Authors of Quotations Wanted-Poem on a Boy and his Curls-Black Notley Parish Register-Kendal House, Isleworth, 88 Dorchester: Birrell's Engraving-Hôtel Moras or BironMorlais Castle-Noah Hickey of Dublin-The Black heathen-Slip of the Tongue a Bad Omen-Walking in Two Parishes, 89-Chaucer : "Strothir" - Portrait by N.E.D.' had not in 1902 progressed so far as P-never doubting that the latter work would, in due time, fully illustrate the point. The greater, then, was my disappointment, on a recent examination, to find that this old-time signification of "plain" had not been recognized by the editors. This incidental reference, however, occurs: 1375, Barbour, Bruce,' vii. 613, Thai in full gret hy agane out of the woud ran to the plane." Moreover, illustrative extracts of the nineteenth century go to show that, in Colonial and U.S. use, plains "-chiefly plural-is a term applied to level treeless tracts of country," which looks like a survival.

REPLIES:-Walt Whitman on Alamo, 90-Infanta Maria
of Spain-Bacon on Tasting-Paul Braddon-Butter.
worth, 91 Pig Grass Holt Castle Beezely, 92-
"Rollick"-" All the world and his wife ""What the
Devil said to Noah"-Thimbles-Eel-Pie Shop-Welsh
Judges-Gainsborough, Architect, 93-"Seecatchie
"I had three sisters"-Hannah Lightfoot-"Hen and
Chickens"-J. Isaacson-John Hus-Col. Pestall, 94-
"Matthew, Mark," &c.-Nuns as Chaplains-De Quincey,
95-Births and Deaths-Mechanical Road Carriages-
Superstition, 97-Suffragan Bishops-Hamlet Healen
Penny-Clarionett, 98.

Shoreditch Family-Arms of Married Women-Sneezing

NOTES ON BOOKS :-Lord Broughton's Recollections
'The Faerie Queen '-'The Inns of Court.'
Notices to Correspondents.

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ON the outskirts of Nottingham-partly within, but mainly without, the present city boundaries-is an ancient road traversing a narrow ridge of hill-top land, three or four miles in length, once a part of Sherwood Forest. This is called the Plains Road, and the adjacent land on either side is called the Plains-otherwise Mapperley Plains, from a suburb at the Nottingham end. The road, however, limits several parishes, the villages whereof lie in flanking valleys, whence arose the names Arnold Plains, Sneinton Plains, Gedling Plains, and Nottingham Plains. The strange thing is that this narrow hill-top tract-scarcely approachable by vehicular traffic before modern improvements-differs totally from the orthodox conception of what "plains should be, and has consequently often given rise to puzzled inquiries that nobody could

answer.

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From the limited historical evidence available, while compiling a history of Mapperley in 1902, I directed some attention

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However, since 1902 I have found ample confirmation of the view then adopted, viz., that "plain was a term once used in contradistinction from "woodland"; and hence it may fairly be presumed that the question whether the land agreed with the modern sense, or whether it was hilly, was immaterial. No doubt further illustrations could readily be found, but the following, taken (with one exception) from Notts literature, will probably suffice.

William Peveril's foundation charter to Lenton Priory, 1103-8, grants "the towns of Radford, Morton, and Keighton, with all their appurtenances, and whatsoever he had in Newthorpe and Papplewick, in wood, plain," &c.

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Manwood, a great authority on Forest Trinity College numbers Laws,' 1615, says: To assart is to destroy any covert by the rooting up of the same, to make it to continue a plaine."

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That this sense was recognized little more than a century ago is shown by Lowe's 'Agricultural Survey of Notts,' 1794, wherein following a list of Gedling coppices," is added a separate reference to 53 acres odd of Plains." Furthermore, a contemporary survey of the royal hays of Birkland and Bilhagh, Sherwood Forest, records the varying extents of wood and plain" in each of the several subdivisions. Moreover, an accompanying plan proves that these terms were applied respectively to woodland and to treeless land.

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A. STAPLETON.

39, Burford Road, Nottingham.

OXFORD PARLIAMENTARY LEADERS
IN THE CIVIL WAR.

(Concluded from p. 22.)

among her worthies Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, soldier and regicide; Edmund Ludlow, soldier, author, and regicide; Sir Richard Newdigate, Bt., Judge; William Laurence, lawyer and M.P.; James Harrington, who, although he faithfully attended Charles I. in his imprisonment, was theoretically a democrat and author of 'Oceana'; William Hook, chaplain to Cromwell; Gaspar Hickes, a member of the Westminster Assembly; John Packer, M.P., friend of Eliot, secretary to Buckingham, and one of the Parliamentary Visitors to the University; and Zouch Tate, M.P., proposer of the famous "self-denying ordinance" in 1644, and another of the Parliamentary Visitors. Robert Harris, the intruded President of Trinity, was an active Visitor.

Robert Devereux, third Earl of Essex and general of the Parliamentary Army, was at Merton College; so also was the celebrated Puritan divine Francis Cheynell, intruded President of St. John's, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, and the violent adversary of Chillingworth. Like his opponent, Cheynell was a native of Oxford; and the city was more inclined to Puritanism than was the University. Sir Nathaniel Brent, Warden of Merton, was President of tion of the Universities. Edward Reynolds (Warden after the Restoration and Bishop of Norwich), as a moderate Anglican who was ready to accept an accommodation, was Dean of Christ Church and Vice-Chancellor under the Puritan régime.

To New College belong William Fiennes, second Baron and first Viscount Saye and Sele, "Old Subtlety," and his second son Nathaniel Fiennes, Parliamentary Governor of Bristol, which he surrendered to Prince Rupert. Saye and Sele was High Steward the Parliamentary Commission for Visitaof his University 1641-3 and 1646-60. The Fiennes family enjoyed various privileges as founder's kin at Winchester and New Colleges; and it is probably owing to their mythical connexion with Wykeham that his twin foundations came off as well as they did under the rule of the Puritans. Philip Herbert, fourth Earl of Pembroke and first of Montgomery, was of this house. Succeeding Laud as Chancellor of his University, he superintended the visitation of the Colleges and ejection of Royalists. He was patron of Van Dyck, and the younger of "the incomparable pair of brethren to whom the first folio of Shakespeare's works was inscribed in 1623.

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New College educated the following Puritan divines: William Twisse, Prolocutor of the Westminster Assembly, whose remains were cast out of the Abbey after the Restoration; John White, the patriarch of Dorchester "; John Harris, Regius Professor of Greek and Warden of Winchester; and Hugh Robinson, Head Master of Winchester and Archdeacon of Gloucester, who lost his appointments, but eventually took the Covenant. Stephen Charnock of Emmanuel, Cambridge, was an intruded Fellow.

Hart Hall (now Hertford College) claims John Selden as her son. His studies in the Inner Temple procured him the title of "the great dictator of learning of the English nation." He sat in the Long Parliament as burgess for the University; but for a man of learning he was very slightly indebted to his Alma Mater. To this Hall also belong Sir John Glynne, the judge who made a long address to the Protector in favour of Cromwell's assumption of the crown, which he printed on the Restoration as evidence that he had always been at heart a monarchist; and Adrian Scrope the regicide.

To University College belong the notorious Henry Marten, soldier, politician, and regicide, but “ as far from a Puritan as light is from darknesse"; William Gay the regicide; Ezreel Tongue, divine and ally of Titus Oates; John Flavel, Presbyterian divine; and Rowland Stedman, Nonconformist divine and intruded scholar.

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