Thomas Mytton, Parliamentary Com- To Jesus College belongs John White, mander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral in North Parliamentarian, commonly called Century Wales, was of Balliol College; SO were White. Alexander Popham of Littlecote, one of William Lenthall, Speaker of the House Cromwell's lords; and John Wilde, Chief of Commons, was of St. Alban Hall (now Baron of the Exchequer. absorbed by Merton); so too was Robert Blake, the famous admiral and general at sea, but he soon migrated to Wadham College. To Wadham also belong Nicholas Love the regicide; and John Wilkins, originally of Magdalen Hall, who became successively Warden of Wadham, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Bishop of Chester. He was centre of the group which formed the Royal Society; and married Cromwell's sister Robina.

Among Oriel College worthies of the period were William Prynne, the celebrated Puritan pamphleteer; Sir Robert Harley of Brampton Bryan Castle, Master of the Mint; and Calybute Downing, chaplain to Lord Robartes's regiment, "a reputed weathercock."

Queen's College gives us Sir Thomas Myddelton, Parliamentary Sergeant-MajorGeneral for North Wales; and John Owen the theologian, Dean of Christ Church, Vice-Chancellor, and chaplain to Cromwell in Ireland and Scotland.

the

The ancient Hall of Broadgates (now Pembroke College) claims John Pym, greatest member of Parliament who ever All Souls College, which in the sequel was lived." His signature is preserved at Pemto owe much to the unwelcome action of broke, affixed to a donation of 44s. to the the Parliamentary Visitors, produced the enlargement of the dining-hall (now the notorious journalist Marchamont Needham, library). It is dated 27 April, 1623 (the who had been originally a quirister of that year before Broadgates became Pembroke), house. He was an usher at Merchant and he is described as "quondam Aulæ Taylors' School, member of Gray's Inn, Lateportensis Commensalis." In 1630, when and student of medicine before discovering subscriptions were made for the chapel of his true vocation. He then became chief Gloucester Hall (now Worcester College), author of Mercurius Britannicus, changed Pym gave 20s. ; and a like sum was given sides, and published in the King's defence by his elder son Alexander, whom he had Mercurius Pragmaticus, but, on being committed to Newgate, again changed his party, and published a new weekly paper, Mercurius Politicus, in support of Cromwell; and, later, edited the official journal, the Public Intelligencer. Having obtained his pardon after the Restoration, he was employed by the Government to attack Shaftesbury and the Opposition.

Sir William Petty, political economist, was appointed by the Commissioners of the Commonwealth a Fellow of Brasenose, and, later, Professor of Anatomy.

Of Corpus Christi College were Edward Pococke, the celebrated Oriental scholar, who was appointed Hebrew Professor by the Parliamentary Visitors, and reappointed at the Restoration; and Daniel Featley or Fairclough, controversialist, one of the translators of the Bible, and-as a moderate Anglican a member of the Westminster Assembly.

To Christ Church belong Thomas Case, the celebrated Presbyterian divine; and Henry Stubbe or Stubbs, physician and author.

Laud's College, St. John the Baptist, claims Sir Benjamin Rudyerd, politician and poet; and Bulstrode Whitelocke, Keeper of the Great Seal.

sent there to be under his own old tutor at Broadgates, Degory Wheare, first Camden Professor of History at Oxford and Principal of Gloucester Hall. Of Broadgates also was Francis Rous, Provost of Eton, Speaker of the Little or Barebones Parliament, and member of the Protector's Council of State. His father, Sir Anthony Rous, remarried with Pym's mother. The Eton Scholarship at Pembroke is of Rous's foundation; and his portrait is to be seen in the dining-hall. Clement Walker, Presbyterian leader and historian of Independency, is attributed to Broadgates by Wood; and Sir Thomas Wroth, Parliamentarian and author, appears to have been at both Gloucester and Broadgates Hall. Among Pembroke divines may be mentioned Peter Smart, "the Puritan proto-martyr," and opponent of Bishop Cosin; Edmund Hall, who fought for Parliament and attacked Cromwell; Thomas Hall, who wrote against unlicensed preachers, indiscriminate baptism, Fifth Monarchy Men, and Cavalier customs; Henry Langley, the intruded Master; Thomas Rosewell; and William Sedgwick, nicknamed "Doomsday Sedgwick" and "Apostle of the Isle of Ely."

Gloucester Hall (now Worcester College) claims John Carew the regicide, "a Repub

lican without guile and without reproach," High Admiral, and whose grandson_married and John Godolphin, a Puritan judge of the Admiralty Court.

To the above names may be added the following: Roger Boyle, Baron Broghill and first Earl of Orrery, statesman, soldier, and dramatist, who, according to Wood, "received some of his academical education in Oxon"; Sir John Danvers the regicide, stepfather of George Herbert the poet, who sat for the University in the Short Parliament; John Hewson, regicide, soldier, and sometime shoemaker, who was created M.A. in 1649; John Okey, regicide and colonel of dragoons at Naseby, created M.A. the same year; and Sir Thomas Widdrington, Speaker of the House of Commons in 1656 and Commissioner of the Great Seal, who, thinks Wood, studied at both Universities.

the Protector's daughter; Basil Feilding, second Earl of Denbigh, the general; Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bt., judge and Speaker of the Convention Parliament of 1660; and Stephen Marshall, the celebrated Presbyterian divine, whose sermons, especially the funeral sermon for Pym, helped to guide the course of events.

To Queens' belong Oliver St. John, Chief Justice of Common Pleas; Sir Philip Stapleton the soldier; and John Goodwin, republican divine and author. Thomas Goodwin, Independent divine, was of Christ's and Catherine Hall, and in 1650 President of Magdalen, Oxon.

Peterhouse claims John Hutchinson the regicide, whose wife wrote his life. Magdalene numbers among her worthies Sir We have accounted for three of the five Edward Dering, Bt., antiquary and politician, members impeached by Charles I. at the who suffered at the hands of both parties. beginning of 1642-to wit, "King Pym,” Sir Edmond Prideaux, Bt., lawyer and Hampden, and Strode. The other two-politician, was M.A. of Cambridge, and Denzil Holles, first Baron Holles of Ifield, incorporated M.A. at Oxford; Sir Hugh and Sir Arthur Hesilrige-appear to have Cholmley, who fought half-heartedly for been at neither University. But a member Parliament and then turned Royalist, was of the Upper House impeached at the same at Jesus, Cambridge; Thomas Scott the time, Edward Montagu, second Earl of regicide was educated at Cambridge; and Manchester, was of Sidney Sussex College, so, according to Clarendon, was Sir John Cambridge, and ultimately Chancellor of Wildman, politician. A. R. BAYLEY. his University. Manchester, who the next year became Major-General of the Associated Counties, was at the time of his impeachment generally known by the courtesy title of Viscount Mandeville, although he had been created Baron Montagu, of Kimbolton. Oliver Cromwell himself, to whom Manchester, in his military capacity, was especially obnoxious, came of the same College; and in 1651 was elected Chancellor of Oxford, holding that office until July, 1657, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. Oliver appointed John Owen his Vice-Chancellor, under whose efficient rule the elder University prospered greatly.

To Trinity, Cambridge, belongs the fiery Independent divine Hugh Peters, who perished on the scaffold after the Restoration an abettor of the execution of

as

Charles I.

St. John the Evangelist's College claims Sir Thomas Fairfax, third Baron Fairfax of Cameron, the celebrated Commander-inChief; Sir Algernon Percy, tenth Earl of Northumberland, "the proudest man alive"; and Sir Simonds D'Ewes, Bt., Puritan and antiquary.

Emmanuel counts among her worthies Sir Robert Rich, second Earl of Warwick, who succeeded Northumberland as Lord

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHAKESPEARE.

(Continued from 10 S. vi. 423.)

'Macbeth,' IV. i. 52.-Macbeth bids the witches "untie the winds and let them fight against the churches."

Richard Perrot, in Jacob's Vow,' 1627, says: If there be any wind stirring it is felt most near the church.

Dickens, Christmas Carol,' Stave I.-" A breezy spot-say St. Paul's Churchyard, for instance."

A legend, current among the Florentines, relates how one day the Devil and the Wind had to pass through the Piazza del Duomo. The Devil, telling the Wind to wait for him outside, entered the sacristy. The Wind, however, beheld him no more, and still waits for him in the Piazza (Rivista Fiorentina, Nov., 1908, pp. 72-81).

A windy part of the Close at Lincoln is known there as Kill-Canon Corner."

ii.

66

'Antony and Cleopatra,' IV. xii.-'Hamlet,' III. Cloud-shapes. (See 10 S. vi. 423.)

Swift, Tale of a Tub,' 1704, Ep. Ded.-"A large cloud......in the form of a bear, another......with the head of an ass, a third......with claws like a dragon."

'King Henry VI.,' Part III., V. ii. 25.-Warwick at the point of death exclaims: "Of all my lands is nothing left me but my body's length."

Meredith Hanmer, Ecclesiastical History,' 1585.

of shoes. His Lordship says: "The trifling story I have often heard. The 'Railway and about his losing his bundle on his way from Wapping Commercial Gazetteer' admits neither of the to Mallet's house in London, and the want of shoes, above, but gives two other forms, Happisis in the peculiar style of malevolence which stains the work of Johnson as a biographer. The only borough and Hasborough. The latter is occasion that I had the mischance to meet Johnson not to be recommended, as it suggests that was at old Strahan's, the translator of the first six the a is short, whereas it is long. books of the "Eneid," in Suffolk Street, London, JAS. PLATT, Jun. where I found him and Mallet preparing that work for publication, after having censured Gavin Douglas, Dryden, and the other predecessors of poor Strahan, in the translation of Virgil.""- Engfish Gentleman's Library Manual,' p. 142.

Goodhugh in another part of his book (p. 31) has indulged in an acknowledged quotation from Boswell, but this statement which connects Johnson with the publication of Strahan's 'Virgil appears to be unknown. The name of Alexander Strahan does not occur in the elaborate index to Dr. Birkbeck Hill's edition of Boswell.

The passage is not without difficulty. Apparently the person intended by "the late Lord Buchan " is the eleventh Earl, but he did not die until 1829, two years later than the date of Goodhugh's book. His father, the tenth Earl, died in 1767, whilst Goodhugh was not born until 1792.

Strahan's version of the first book appeared in 1739. In the edition of the whole of the 'Eneid' which appeared in 1767 Strahan reprints the preface to that of 1753, which contained only the first six books, with an addition in which he acknowledges Mallet's aid :

"My good friend, the late Mr. Mallet, was so obliging as to revise with me the translation throughout, and compare it carefully with the original, except the fifth and sixth books, which his death prevented, and by that accident they will appear less perfect than they otherwise would have been; however, I have given them a very careful revision. The tenth and twelfth books were translated by the late reverend Mr. [William] Dobson (the translator of Milton's 'Paradise Lost' into Latin verse), the same who is mentioned in Mr. Layng's verses, which were likewise carefully revised."

It would seem from this that Strahan was not unwilling to acknowledge indebtedness, but he makes no reference to Johnson.

Manchester.

WILLIAM E. A. AXON.

"AVIATION."-This word, which is very much to the fore at present, cannot be found in the 'N.E.D.' (1888) nor in Littré (1863), but Larousse's Grand Dictionnaire' (1866) There is no doubt that it already has it. was invented or first used by M. G. de la Landelle, the author of 'L'Aviation; ou, Navigation aérienne sans Ballon' (1863). The Revue des Deux Mondes (September, 1865), when reviewing that book, states :

Nous adoptons les mots......d'aviation [and others] qui sont maintenant entrés dans l'usage commun."-P. 322.

[See also 10 S. x. 186, 250.]

L. L. K.

ROBIN'S ALIVE, A GAME.-This game is mentioned by Thomas Jefferson in a letter to Dr. Thomas Cooper, dated at Monticello, 16 Jan., 1814:—

"Everything predicted by the enemies of banks, in the beginning, is now coming to pass. We are to be ruined now by the deluge of bank paper, as we were formerly by the old Continental paper...... Prudent men must be on their guard in this game of Robin's alive, and take care that the spark does not extinguish in their hands."

RICHARD H. THORNTON.

36, Upper Bedford Place, W.C.

MACAULAY: OLIVE TREES IN AUSTRALASIA. - Under the date of 1 Jan., 1839, Macaulay wrote :

"Since I have been in Italy, I have often thought it very strange that the English have never introduced the olive into any of those vast regions which they have colonized. I do not believe that there is an olive tree in all the United States, or in South Africa, or in Australasia." - Trevelyan's 'Life and Letters,' p. 368, one-vol. ed., 1881.

Macaulay was mistaken in his belief. Whatever the truth may have been about Africa or America, the olive had undoubtedly been introduced into Australia before this year. W. C. Wentworth, for example, in A Statistical Account of the British Settlements in Australasia' (3rd ed., 1824), says of New South Wales :

HAPPISBURGH OR HAISBOROUGH.-In announcing the running-down on the 14th inst. of a submarine by the steamer Eddystone the daily papers stated that it occurred "The olive plants taken out a few years since by "off Haisborough Light, near Cromer." Mr. M'Arthur, have been preserved and multiplied, I do not remember seeing this orthography and it is expected will in time prove a valuable before. Commonly it is Happisburgh, article of culture in the colony."-Vol. ii. p. 300. which is used officially by the Great Eastern This passage had attracted Southey's attenRailway. Haisborough is phonetic, and tion. See his Commonplace Book,' Third represents the local pronunciation, which Series (1850), p. 580. EDWARD BENSLY.