TWENTIETH YEAR OF THE MISSION, AND SEVENTH OF KAME- Translation of the Bible-Death of Kinau-Appointment of the princess Vic- toria and Kekauluohi to the premiership-Suspension of the punishment of native papists-Visit of l'Artemise to Oahu-Warlike manifesto of Capt. Laplace Correspondence of the missionaries and their consul-Measures of the residents at Honolulu-Agreement between Capt. Laplace and Kaui- keaouli-Visit of the United States' East India Squadron, Columbia and John Adams-Testimony of the officers of the Squadron-Voice abroad- Death of Mr. McDonald and G. P. Judd, jun.-Native elegy ....... TWENTY-FIRST YEAR OF THE MISSION, AND EIGHTH OF KAME- Hawaiian Constitution-Principles of civil and religious liberty recognised- Rulers hereditary-Legislators elected-Collectors appointed-Judges- -Changes in the Constitution-Suffrage-Assessment-Revenue-Public works-Large stone church at Honolulu-Church_at Kealakekua-Hilo- Drawing timber for churches-Sacramental scene-Return of a pioneer.... 561 FIVE YEARS FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION-1841-5. Visit of the U. S. Exploring Squadron-The last generation of chiefs-Institu- tion for the young chiefs-State of the Mission Seminary-Female seminaries -Boarding-schools for boys-School for the children of Missionaries-Church discipline-Temperance pledge-National efforts to secure independence— Recognition at Washington-Visit of the French ship of war Embuscade- Visit of the English ship of war Carysfort-Correspondence and demands of Lord Paulet-Provisional cession of the islands-Provisional government -Protest of the king-Restoration by Admiral Thomas-Acknowledgment and guarantee of independence-Haalilio, the native ambassador-Repre- sentatives-Treaties with foreign powers-Meeting of the National Legisla- ture-Efforts of the American Board-Bible and Tract Society-Conclusion. 579 EMBELLISHMENTS. PAGE 1. VILLAGE OF KAAWALOA ON KEALAKEKUA BAY, WHERE COOK FELL. 35 The well executed engravings on wood, by Mr. B. F. Childs, are, excepting the 6th, from sketches xiv EXPLANATIONS. EXPLANATIONS. I. HAWAIIAN ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. The pronunciation of the Hawaiian names in this volume will be made comparatively easy to the reader by observing that the vowels have the following sounds. a, as a in father, art. e, as ey in they, or a in pale. o, as o in no. The full accent is usually on the last vowel but one, and a secondary accent two syllables before the full. Simply to give in succession the primitive sounds of the letters of a Hawaiian name or word will accomplish a tolerably accurate pronunciation. But for further explanation of the orthography and pronunciation the reader is referred to pages 152–156. II. THE ISLANDS. The group of the Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, consists of 11 which lie in the North Pacific Ocean, between 18° 50′ and 22° 20′ N. L., and 154° 55', and 160° 15′ W. L., from Greenwich, and stretch along in a direction W.N.W. and E.S.E. about 350 miles, and contain about 6000 sq. miles. CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE.-The average temperature in low southern and western locations is 75°; in northern and eastern, 72°. The lofty mountains are cool, and at their summits, cold. A summary of meteorological observations made by the missionaries at Honolulu from Aug., 1821, to July, 1822, shows the mean temperature to be 75°; N.E. trade winds three-fourths of the year; rain on 40 days; highest heat observed in the shade, 88°, lowest 59°. A summary of observations made at the same place for 1838, by T. C. B. Rooke, Esq., and published in the Hawaiian Spectator, vol. i., shows the mean heat 75.8 (which nearly corresponds to that of Lahaina and Kailua), 41 rainy days, 275 fine; amount of rain, 46.8 inches. The following summary of meteorological observations made by Mr. E. Johnson, a missionary, at Waioli, Kauai, and published in the American Journal of Science and Arts, 1847, shows the mean temperature of that place to be 72°; the highest degree of heat observed in the shade, 90°, the lowest 54°; the highest in the sun, 113°; amount of rain, 85 inches. May, June, July, August, Sept., 66.075-070-082-062-0 70-2 21 20 10 11 9 4 27 4 411 10 5 1110 9 7 61714-0 414 15 1 210 60 110 10 3 312 4.0 3 312 5.5 0 14 5.4 822 18.4 310 5-2 71-682-675-0 90-066-076-4 25 27 5 31617 2 72-082-0 75-886-069-076-33030 1 1 9 7 7 6 9 16 6 221 80 71-683-276-9 89-067-077-229 29 2 219 15 2 5 7 8 71-482-676-687-068-076-82827 2 316 12 3 411 13 69-6 78-573-8 84-064-074-0 18 16 13 15 11 10 5 3 10 6 66-778-372-082-057-072-3 4 4 262622 19 2 4 65-275-069-082-0 57-069-7 7 7242418 10 6 5 6 6 1 111 5-0 62-0 71-867-979-054-067.2 3 32828 18 17 8 8 1 4 4 310 4-6 63-3 73-5 68-478-057-068-4 10 10 18 18 16 141010 0 1 2 310 30 63·4 75-869-5 80-056-069-5 18 18 13131514 6 8 4 6 516 66 DISEASES.-Asthma, croup, cutaneous eruptions, apoplexy, diarrhea, dysentery, catarrh, dropsy, fevers, ophthalmia, influenza, inflammatory rheumatism, scrofula, syphilis, ulcers, consumption. Dec., 46 III. NAMES OF THE PRINCIPAL HAWAIIAN PERSONAGES FOUND IN THIS WORK. Many names are significant or historical, designed not so much to mark the character of the possessor, as to perpetuate the remembrance of some event; for instance, the Queen being confined in a dark habitation on account of sore eyes, one of her friends called his infant son" David Darkhouse." When she was ill and a brush was used on her skin, another named his son "Gideon Skinbrush." To distinguish husband and wife, the people now sometimes subjoin kane, male, or wahine, female, to the name, but in oriental simplicity, they rarely use any term answering to Mr. and Mrs. AI-KA-NA-KA-Man-eater. A chief, the heir of Naihe of Kealakekua. A-KU'A MA-KA-HIKI-God of the Year. A deity whose image set up in a district would not remove till the tax was paid. AU-WAE-Chin. Chief of Wailuku. Bo'-KI-Boat or boss. Governor of Oahu, 1819-1829. HA-A-LI-LI-O'. The friend, secretary, and ambassador of the king. HO-A-PILI-Joint partner, united companion. Governor of Maui, 1836-40. HO'PU-Catch. Native teacher. HU-ME-HU'ME. G. P., Kaumualii. Insurgent, 1824. I'I-Stinted. John, a counsellor and school inspector. KA-A-HU-MA'NU-Feathered or bird mantle. Regent, 1824-32. KA-E'O. King of Kauai, father of Kaumualii. A representative, 1845. KA-HE-KILI-Thunder. King of Maui, 1773-1794. KA-HU'HU-Anger. Capt. of the king's guard, 1829. KAI-A-KO-I'LI-Sea of Koili. Headman of Koolauloa, 1834. KA-I'LI-The surface; the skin. A deity. KA-LAI-PA-HO'A-Daggermaker. A so-called poison deity, p. 24. KA-LA-KU'A. A wife of Kamehameha, and afterwards of Hoapili. KA-LA'MA-The flambeau. Wife of Kamehameha III., 1837-47. KA-LA-NI-MOʻKU, Rent heaven. Liholiho's general and prime counsellor of Kaahumanu. KA-LAI-MO-KU', } King of Hawaii, 1778. KA-LA-NI-O-PU'U—Budding heaven. KA-MA-MA'LU-The shade, umbrella. Wife of Liholiho, 1818, 1824. KA-ME-HA-ME'HA-Loneliness. Founder of the present dynasty. (see p. 80.) KA-PI-O-LA'NI. Daughter of Keawemauhili, and wife of Naihe, 1809–31. KA-PU'LE-Prayer. Queen of Kauai, 1819-21. KAU-I-KE-AO'U-LI-Hang on the dark sky. Kamehameha III., present king. KA-U-MU-A-LI'I. King of Kauai (p. 154). KA-WAI-LE-PO-LE'PO-Filthy water. Head man of Wailuku. KE-A-LI-I-A-HO-NU'I-The merciful chief. Governor of Kauai, 1844. family of chiefs, p. 80. King of Maui, and ancestor of the Maui KE-KA-U-LU-O'HI. A wife of Liholiho, and of Kanaina. Premier, 1839-45. KE-KAU-O-NO HI. Daughter of Wahinepio, and a wife of Liholiho. KE-O'U-A-The rain-food. King of Ka-u. A wife of Adams. A Gov. of Maui. KE-O-HO-KA-LO'LE-The hair the woven cloth. Mem. of legislature, 1840. KI-NAU'. Dau. of Kamehameha and wife of Liholiho, 1819. Premier, 1832—7. LA-A-NU'I. Chief of Waialua, and brother-in-law of Kaahumanu. LI-KE-LIKE. Wife of Kalanimoku. LE-LE-1-0-HO'KU. Son of Kalanimoku, and governor of Hawaii, 1846. LO NO-Hearing. A deity. MA-NU'IA-Fish bird. Capt. of the Fort at Honolulu, 1825-29. MA'LO-Girdle. David, a native preacher. MA-NO'NO. Wife of Kekuaokalani, 1819. ME'RE Derived from Mary. Daughter of Gov. Adams. NA-MA-KE-HA'. High chief of Hawaii. Insurgent, 1796. NA-MA-HA'NA. Sister and wife of the king of Maui, 1770. Wife of Kamehameha. Governess of Oahu, 1824. NAI'HE-The spears. Chief of Kealakekua, acting governor of Hawaii, 1831. PA-KI'. Capt. of the fort, 1840. Member of the national council, 1840. PAU-A'-HI-Fire destroyed. A wife of Liholiho, and of Kekuanaoa. CHAPTER I. ORIGINAL STATE OF THE NATION. Tradition uncertain.-Origin of the race and of their tabus.-Character of their Religion.-Relation to other Tribes.-Prediction of a new Religion.-Parentage and childhood of Kaahumanu.-Discovery by Cook.-War of Kalaniopuu and Kahekili.-Deification and death of Cook. DARKNESS Covered the earth and gross darkness the people. This, for ages, was emphatically applicable to the isles of the great Pacific Ocean. But the voice divine said, "Let there be light." The early history of the Hawaiian Islands being involved in great obscurity, the best efforts now to trace it must be attended with uncertainty. The nation had no written language, no records either hieroglyphic, syllabic, alphabetic or monumental, no ideas of literature before their discovery by Europeans, and, so far as appears, no tradition that their ancestors ever possessed any. In the place of authentic history they had obscure oral traditions, national or party songs, rude narratives of the successions of kings, wars, victories, exploits of gods, heroes, priests, sorcerers, the giants of iniquity and antiquity, embracing conjecture, romance, and the general absurdities of Polytheism. These may be supposed to be mixed up with the confused impressions of their minstrels, or to be affected by the variations made by persons through whom the traditions have passed from generation to generation, or from one clan to another. With these various sources of uncertain history is connected the extreme difficulty of intercourse between the people of different islands, and of different clans on the same island, especially in the oft-recurring state of hostility to which they were long accustomed. To the actors and the narrators, exact information would in such cases be almost impossible, even had truth been their object, and much more so, where the desire and the temptation to misrepresent were strong; for flattery and slander naturally abound amid party strifes, where reverence for a holy God is unknown. Destitute of high moral principle as idolaters of reprobate mind usually are, and by no means distinguished for forming in their own minds, or conveying to others by language, just con |