on the contrary. Where (166, 1. 21), whereas, where on the contrary, although. Whiffler, an officer who headed a procession to clear the way. While, time.

While, God help the (219), God help us meanwhile.

Whilom, formerly.

Withal, (1) with this, (2) also. Wit's regard (50), what the mind knows to be right. Wooden O (63), the wooden theatre, circular inside.

Wot, to know.

Would thee do (64), wishes you to do.

Wrack, wreck.

Wrest, to twist aside, pervert.

Yearn (78), to vex.
Yellow-tressed, with yellow hair.
Yeoman, a freeholder, next in rank
to a gentleman.
Yerk out, to jerk out, lash out.
Yoke (109), to join, couple.
Yoke-devils (68), two devils that
pull together.

Aeneas, a mythic warrior who
survived the fall of Troy, es-
caping from the ruined and
burning city, and carrying his
aged father Anchises out of it on
his shoulders. For seven years
he sailed the Mediterranean, then
landed in Italy, founded a city,
and became the ancestor of
Romulus, the founder of Rome.
Alexander the Great, king of
Macedon (born 356 B.C., died
323 B.C.), conquered the Persian
empire and pushed on as far as
India.

Amurath IV, Sultan of Turkey,
succeeded his father Amurath III
in 1596, invited all his brothers
to a feast in honour of his acces-
sion, and had them all strangled
at it.

Aristotle, a famous Greek philo-
sopher.

Ate, the goddess in old Greek
mythology who punishes men for
rash and wild deeds. Spenser in
The Faëry Queen places her
dwelling hard by the gates of
hell', and describes her as 'born
of hellish brood', and being her-
self the mother of debate'.

Bacchanals: see Thracian singer.
Barbary, the Saracen countries
along the North coast of Africa.
Barrabas, Barabbas. This form
is used by Shakespeare and Mar-
lowe.

Brutus (121, 1. 134; 123, 1. 58).
The royal family of the Tarquins
were driven from Rome, and
Rome itself was made a republic,
because Sextus Tarquinius dis-
honoured a noble Roman lady
named Lucretia. The man who
headed the rising against the Tar-

quins was Lucius Junius Brutus,
an ancestor of the Brutus in
Shakespeare's play. See Macau-
lay's Lays of Ancient Rome.

Caesar's brag (35, 1. 20). In the
summer of 47 B.C. Julius Caesar
by rapid movements mastered
Asia Minor. After striking down
King Pharnaces of Pontus and
storming his camp at Zela, he
summed up the success in three
words Veni, vidi, vici, 'I came,
I saw, I conquered.'
Caperdochie, a high-sounding name
for the stocks.

a

Cassibelan,
British chieftain
whose tribe lived in Middlesex.
He was entrusted with the chief
command against Julius Caesar
in 54 B.C., the second Roman
invasion of Britain, and he was
conquered.

Cato, a famous Roman who fought
on the republican side against
Julius Caesar. He is often spo-
ken of as a type of 'the ancient
Roman honour'. He killed him-
self at Utica in North Africa,
46 B.C., to avoid falling into
Caesar's hands after the repub-
lican defeat. His daughter Portia
married Brutus, the murderer of
Caesar.

death.

Endymion, a beautiful shepherd
loved by Diana, the Goddess of
the Moon. He lived in a grotto
on Mount Latmos, and received
the gift of eternal youth and
eternal slumber; every night the
Moon came down from heaven
and kissed him as he lay asleep.
*Ercles. B. means 'Hercules'.

Fates. The three goddesses of
Fate are mentioned rather ab-
surdly in this book (199, 211),
though Brutus has a serious
reference to them (127). In the
old myths they are three sisters,
the daughters of Night, who
watched over man's life; they
were Clotho ('the Spinner')
who spun the thread of life,
Lachesis ('the Disposer of Lots')
who decided how long the thread
should be, and Atropos ('the Un-
avoidable') who cut it off.
Ferryman (89). To pass from
this world to the next, according
to the old Greek and Roman idea,
your spirit had to cross the river
Styx (Loathing'), over which it
was ferried by Charon,
and grim old man dressed in a
black sailor's cloak. A small
coin to pay the fare was put in
the mouth of the dead.

a

dark

Furies, the goddesses of vengeance
in the old mythology. They
punished any great sin in home
life, such as the murder of a
mother. They were pictured as
maidens with snakes twined in
their hair and with torches in
their hands. One of them was
named Tisiphone ('the Avenger
of Blood').

Hymen, the Greek god of Marriage.
Hyperion, an old Greek name for
the Sungod.

Muse, one of the nine goddesses of
poetry in the old mythology.
Nazarite (153), Nazarene, or na-
tive of Nazareth. This form of
the name is found in all transla-
tions of the Bible before 1611.
Neptune, the Roman god of the

sea.

Nero, emperor of Rome, 54-68
A. D. His most brutal crime was
the murder of his mother Agrip-
pina.

Nervii, a Gallic tribe living in
modern Belgium, conquered by
Caesar in 57 B. C. after a stubborn
battle in which Caesar himself
showed great bravery. Sir Tho-
mas North (whom Shakespeare
used) describes the Nervii as
'the stoutest warriors of all the
Belgae'.

Nicholas, Saint, popularly looked
upon as the patron saint of thieves
(his 'clerks as they are called,
215). It is supposed that his
name got mixed up with that of
'old Nick'.

Olympus, the famous mountain of
Thessaly which the Greeks be-
lieved to be the home of their gods.
Pannonians, a tribe who lived in
modern Hungary.

*Phibbus (199). B. means 'Phoe-
bus'.

Phoebus, Apollo, the Sungod, and
the god of song.

Plato, a famous Greek philo-
sopher.

Pluto, the Greek god of the under-
world, or region of the dead; and
so lord of the gold and mineral
treasure lying underground.
Pompey, a Roman general and
statesman, born 106 B. C.
became the rival of Julius Caesar,

He

born about 580 B. C. He is sald
to have believed that when any
creature died, its soul passed into
another living body, human or
animal, and so went on from life
to life, being itself immortal.
Rialto, the money-market or Ex-
change of Venice.
Rome, and Room (121). A pun:
'Rome' in Shakespeare's day was
pronounced 'Room'.

Shafalus and Procrus (209). Pro-
perly, Cephalus and Procris, two
lovers in the old mythology.
Procris, jealous of Cephalus, fol-
lowed him in his hunting; and
he mistook her for an animal as
he heard her move through the
covert, and killed her.

Sisters, Three (212). See Fates.
Tarquin (123). See Brutus.
Tartar (68), Tartarus, a name for
hell in the Greek and Roman
mythology.

Thisne (199). A silly pronuncia-
tion of Thisbe'.
Thracian singer (205), Orpheus,
who, when his wife Eurydice was
killed by a snake, won his way
into the other world by his divine
skill as a harper, and was allowed
to take her back to life if he did
not look back at her until she
reached the earth; on the very
brink of the light he looked back
and saw her fade away. In his
grief he wandered harping through
the wild places of the earth, and
was torn in pieces by a band of
Bacchanals, or women worship-
pers of Bacchus, upon whose
secret rites he had intruded.
Tisiphon, Tisiphone. See Furies.
Trojan (215), a slang name for a
thief.