possessed of complete unity; or whether the Lord himself has not rather reserved this till his second advent. At all events, however, it is the sacred duty of the Evangelical Church, as the voice of one crying in the wilderness, as a Church bearing witness by the pure word and sacraments, as the representative and guardian of personal Christianity, of direct living intercourse between the individual soul and its Saviour, to pave the way for this glorious second coming, and promote, in the most zealous manner, the free inward communion of faith and love, the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace according to the earnest exhortation of the Apostle, till the Lord, by a new reformation, or by his personal appearing in the clouds of heaven, gather his people from all the ends of the earth and create a body of such inward unity, that the colossal theocratic organism of Church and State in the Middle Ages-that fleshly anticipation of the regnum gloriae-and all our boldest ideals of union and confederation will be thrown far into the shade. Thus much stands immovably firm, as sure as Christ is the truth: The day will come, when there will be but one Shepherd and one flock, when all believers will be perfectly one, as He and the Father are one.

Do not the signs of the times, the present discoveries and means of communication, point out typically and prophetically the approaching fulfillment of the precious promise and intercessory prayer of our Great High Priest? Europe and America are brought nearer together every year in the way of commerce and multifarious intercourse, and the Atlantic ocean forms now a barrier of separation scarcely greater than the Alps did formerly between Germany and Italy. The more pressing, therefore, does the exhortation of the Apostle come to us, to cherish and promote the communion of faith and love in the Lord, who is the fountain and centre of life to all believers; the exhortation, which a most noble and pious German has so beautifully clothed in poetic language :

Let us so united be,

As Thou with the Father art,
Till no more on earth we see
Sundered members dwell apart,

And alone from thy bright glow
Drink our glory like a star;

Thus the world shall see and know

That we thy disciples are.

With this wish and prayer, I turn back again, from the dear land of my birth and home of my spirit, to severe labors for the upbuilding of the German Church in America; and indeed in great sadness of heart, but, at the same time, in the certain expectation of a reunion, if not at a European or an American Church diet, yet in the general assembly and Church of the first-born, amid an innumerable company of angels, at the grand festival of reconciliation, for all nations and confessions in the holy city of God on high, the heavenly Jerusalem, our mother and the goal of all our hopes, I bid you an affectionate, brotherly farewell!

Lancaster, Pa.

T. C. P.

THE

MERCERSBURG QUARTERLY REVIEW.

APRIL, 1855.

ART. I.-SKETCHES OF A TRAVELER FROM GREECE, CONSTANTINOPLE, ASIA MINOR, SYRIA AND PALESTINE.

IV. THE HARBORS AND NAVAL ESTABLISHMENTS OF THE ANCIENT ATHENIANS-THE MODERN PEIRÆEUS.

Earlier erroneous views on the subject-Important discoveries made -Description of the Munychian Peninsula-The three Athenian Galley ports: The Peiraeus-Zea-Munychia―The true site of Phaleros-Ancient History of the Peiraeus-The Peiraic and Phaleric Long Walls-The third wall of Perikles-Inscriptions of the walls; of the fleet-Kantharos-Hippodamean Market-place-Emporium-Deigma-Arsenal of Pheilon--Castle of Munychia-Solon-Stadium--Theatre--Temples--Serangeion-Thieves and Swindlers-Pikrokrene near the Phreattys-Sepulchre of Themistokles Of Admiral Miaulis-Burial grounds-Excavations -Athenian Widow-Sarcophagi-Modern History of the Peiraeus-Karaiskakis-His death-Defeat of the Greeks-Churches-Military College of the Euelpides American Mission SchoolQuarantine-Wharfs-Scenery--Commerce-Prosperity of the ancient Republic-Departure of the Sicilian fleet-Its destruction and decline of Athens.

HAVING given a sketch of the Akropolis and its Sanctuaries in the preceding number of the Review, we shall, in the present, invite the attention of the readers to another subject-not of art and ornament—but of practical utility, and of the highest importance with regard to the rapid and gigantic development of the ancient Athenian Republic-the harbors, naval and commercial establishments at the Peiraeus and the other subjacent ports on the coast of Attica.

On no other part of Athenian antiquities have so many disquisitions been written, so many doubts and difficulties been started, so many mistakes and blunders been committed, and ―of late-so many interesting discoveries been made.

From the time of the revival of classical literature when the Dutch philologians, Meursius, Gronovius, Graevius and others, in the seventeenth century, published their learned compilations on the Peiraeus, down to the beginning of the present century, the antiquarians of western Europe wrote their heavy folios, from their closet, without the desirable knowledge of the topography of Greece; they freely awarded the classical names of antiquity to harbors, coasts and mountains according to their idea of that distant and almost entirely unknown country, and their imaginary maps, had taken such a hold on the mind of the scholars of that age, that though in plain contradiction with the clear and elegant text of the classical authors, their delineations were regarded as founded on incontrovertible facts. Even the apparent contradictions in the ancient writers were explained away with ridiculous sophistical arguments, and the great historians, Thukydides, Xenophon and Plutarch, were openly taxed with unpardonable inaccuracies and slips of the

pen.

Even the practical and otherwise profound antiquarian, Colonel Martin Leake, who travelled in Greece between the years 1802 and 1808, arrived, so pre-possessed by his earlier studies, that while riding through the plain of the Kephissos and discovering only here and there some few ruins of the two parallel Long-Walls, leading from Athens down to the Peiræeus, he accused Thukydides, Aristophanes, Harpokration and others, of neglect and inaccuracy, for having in divers places mentioned three walls between the capital and the port. And when arrived in the port of the Peiraeus itself, with its numerous fortifications and moles, the British Colonel boldly laid down a plan the most absurd in the world-according to which the harbor of the Peiraeus is supposed to have inclosed within its basin both the commercial and military harbors of ancient Athens, quite contrary to the natural conformation of the coast. The small swamps formed in the interior of that harbor by.

the frequent inundations of the winter torrents and the neglected state of the plain during the Turkish dominion in Greece, were now dignified as separate fortified galley ports independent of the Peiræeus itself, just as if the glorious Athenian fleets had consisted, not of large and many oared galleys, but of mere nut shells. Nay, Colonel Leake himself depreciates this interesting subject entirely by stating quite seriously that the Peiræcus is a harbor just large and deep enough to receive a British frigate while many an American traveler, during the revolutionary movements in the year 1844, may have observed no less than four French and English line-of-battle-ships moored side by side, as closely as the cordial and good understanding of King Louis Philippe and Queen Victoria would then have permitted and being surrounded by quite a squadron of warsteamers, Austrian, Russian and Hellenic corvettes, brigs and smaller craft-all at the same time at anchor in the interior basin of the Peiraeus.

When the haughty and cruel Sylla, the Roman, in 86 B. C., with ruthless hand destroyed the Peiraeus and the other harbors on the Munychian peninsula, the Athenian Republic lost its remaining commerce and the few colonies which recognized its dominion. The ruinous town and the open dreary coast then became more and more abandoned; the lower plain of Athens again formed those unhealthy swamps and marshes, which, during the Middle Ages, rendered that tract of country almost uninhabitable.

The glorious name of the Peiraeus had been forgotten, and the Italian mariner only now and then steered his light caravel into the bleak and solitary Drako-Limin or Porto Leono (the Dragon or Lion-Port,) as the Peiraeus then was called, to embark a cargo of oil, wine, honey or goat-skins for Leghorn and Trieste. The only habitations in one of the largest and most secure ports of the Mediterranean, at that period of despotism and misery, consisted only in a small Turkish Custom-house and the fortified Greek Convent of Saint Spiridon, which were both burned down and destroyed during the war of independence.

But on the establishment of the new Capital of King Otho