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modern principles and designs, every care being taken to insure correct readings and minimum variation. The electromagnetic instruments can therefore be used for both direct and alternating current with the same scale.

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Complete machinery for Paper Mills, Chemical and Mechanical Pulp Mills, Water Turbines, Automatic Governors, Evolvent Pendulums, etc.

Representatives abroad:

Boving & Co., Ltd, 56, Kingsway, London W. C. 2, General Representatives, with branches at Tokyo, Wellington, N. Z., Rio de Janeiro, etc.

Norway: N. A. Eie, Postbox 19, Christiania (for the Karlstad Works)

Th. Gregersen, 8, Kirkegaten, Christiania (for the Kristinehamn Works) Finland: A. B. Ekströms Maskinaffär, Helsingfors (for the Karlstad Works) Tammerfors Linne- & Järnmanufaktur A. B., Tammerfors (for the Kristinehamn Works)

Denmark: A/S Frichs, Aarhus (for the Kristinehamn Works)

Ports of shipment:

Gothenburg, Stockholm, Karlstad and Kristinehamn

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General

Engineering staff and research methods

Foreign contracts

Karlstads Mekaniska Verkstad is not only the largest manufacturers in Northern Europe of machines for woodpulp, cellulose and paper mills, but also of water turbines, and may without exaggeration be called one of the best known firms in the world in these branches. Like many other Swedish manufacturing firms of importance, it was started as a small general machineshop, building boilers, steam engines and sawmill machinery. That was back in 1860, but already 1873 the firm was organized as a limited company, and its business concentrated on those specialities which since have made the company take a prominent share in the enormous expansion of the pulp and paper industries in Sweden in the capacity of the foremost builder of machinery for these trades.

In 1893 the Karlstad Works acquired the Kristinehamn Works, which firm even in those days was known as specialists for building high-grade water turbines, and the subsequent developments have advanced the works to a leading position in this sphere. The great experience of the company in the above departments is in the first place represented by an expert staff of engineers who are placed at the disposal of prospective customers for preparing plans and suggesting suitable methods and solutions. At the excellently equipped laboratories and testing plants in connection with both shops investigations and research work are always going on, and are conducted in close collaboration with the world's foremost scientists and experts in the pulp and paper trade as well as in hydraulic constructions and machines.

The neighbour countries of Norway, Denmark and Finland are of old extensive users of Karlstad paper and pulp machines and VK-water turbines. Nowadays the former are installed in many of the largest mills in Russia, America, Japan, India, and other countries. Japan should be mentioned first, perhaps, since practically all of the many modern pulp mills in that country are equipped throughout with machines of the KMVmake.

The company's expansion in the foreign markets has been accomplished through cooperation with Messrs. Boving & Co. Ltd. of London, the well known specialists in hydraulic machines and plants, and pulp and paper mill equipment. Messrs. Boving & Co. Ltd. operate as an independent engineering firm and undertake to prepare estimates and plans for complete installations.

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Screens

Special types:

Quadruple press-grinders, stone diameter 1500 mm. (59′′)

Triple press-grinders, stone diameter 1370 mm. (54")

Magazine grinders, new perfected type, presses working under constant pressure by means of special device.

»Effective » screens, used for fine screening of mechanical pulp, can be used equally well for chemical pulp. Since 1908 more than 140 machines placed on the world's most important markets. Built in 3 sizes with a production of between 22 to 15 tons of airdry pulp a day.

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Up-taking machine

Long log barking machine

Effective> Screen

Up-taking machine, new type, producing per 1000 mm. working width about 20 tons of 50% wet pulp in 24 hours which quantity would require five times as much working width, if usual types of up-taking machines were used, as well as a number of hydraulic wet presses.

This new system of taking up ground wood pulp in a continuous sheet is of the greatest importance to the whole ground pulp industry as it will now be possible to dry this kind of pulp in the same cheap way as chemical pulp, namely on the continuous drying machine.

B. Chemical Pulp mill machinery.

Wood-cleaning department, producing the following machines: Long log barking machines, wood chippers, slab chippers, disintegrators, and chip screens.

Long log barking machine for pulpwood from 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 ft) and diameters up to 14". The capacity when handling wood of 6" to 12" dia. is 20 to 30 cubic metres loose measure per hour, corresponding to 2 1⁄2 to 4 tons of air dry pulp per hour.

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