376 KASAN-KEMPELEN. K. K ASAN. Population in 1833, 57,000; | of the seconds' pendulum, his investigation of whom 15,000 were Mohamme- of the diminution of terrestrial gravity dans: the remainder, with the exception from the pole to the equator, his employof a few Protestants, belong to the Greek ment of the pendulum for the important church. The university, which was found- purpose of finding the minute variations ed in 1804, but not opened till 10 years of the force of gravity in different parts of afterwards, had, in 1835, 70 professors a country whose substrata consist of mateand other instructors, and 238 students; rials having different degrees of density, but the number of both professors and stu- and his invention of the instrument called dents has since been augmented. There the "floating collimator," have made his is a library of 30,000 volumes; an excel- name extensively known. Captain Kater lent philosophical apparatus; a mineral- was the author of a considerable number ogical cabinet; an observatory provided of papers on scientific subjects, most of with the best telsecopes; a botanical gar- which were inserted in the "Philosophical den; an anatomical museum; a collection Transactions." He combined patient inof coins; a mechanical institute; a chemi- dustry, minute observation, and mechanical laboratory; a hospital for clinical in- cal skill, with high powers of reasoning. struction, &c. One of the principal objects And many of the learned societies of his of the university is to supply instruction in own country and of the continent of Eu the eastern languages, or in Arabic, Per- rope testified their sense of his merits, by sian, Turkish, Chinese, Armenian, Tartar, enrolling him among their members. He and Mongul. Kasan has also one of the died in London, on the 26th of April 4 great theological seminaries of the Rus- 1835. sian empire; a gymnasium; a school for the education of teachers, &c. It has also several literary and philanthropical societies; and several journals and other works, some of them in the Turkish and others of the languages just mentioned, issue from its presses. KEAN (Edmund). Having returned to England from his second visit to America, he performed until 1829 at Covent Garden Theatre, and subsequently at Drury Lane; but, having to contend with the feelings excited against him on account of his former and continued immoralities, with a success very inferior to what he had formerly enjoyed on the same boards. -- He died in May 1833, in extremely embarrassed circumstances; although it has been estimated that, in the course of his theatrical career, he had received sums amounting to £176,000 sterling. KATER (Captain Henry) was born at Bristol in England, April 16th 1777. Both his parents are said to have been distinguished for their scientific attainments, and to have united in inspiring him, from his earliest years, with a taste for physical investigations. After some time, however, his father placed him in a pleader's office that he might be prepared for the profession of the law. Here he remained about two years diligently prosecuting his legal studies; but on the death of his father at the end of this time, he abandoned the law, and obtained a commission in a regiment then stationed in India. He was engaged in the trigonometrical survey of that country under Colonel Lambton, and published a description of a peculiarly sensible hygrometer, which he had constructed, in the "Asiatic Researches." His close application to study in a hot climate, during 7 years, greatly injured his constitution, and was the cause of the ill health under which he suffered to the close of his life. He went on half-pay in 1814, from which period he devoted himself entirely to science. His trigonometrical operations, his experiments for determining the length | Philadelphia Museum. KELP. It has been recently found that the alkali required for the manufacture of glass and soap can be obtained more abundantly from sea-salt than from kelp; and this is, at present, used chiefly as a manure, especially for dry soils, the salt contained in the kelp being a powerful absorbent of moisture from the atmosphere. It has, however, lately acquired much importance as a source of iodine. KEMPELEN.* The automaton chessplayer, contrived by the baron de Kempe. len, a few years ago, was taken by Mr. Maelzel, its proprietor, to be exhibited in the Havanna. Upon his death, in that city, some one brought it back to the United States, and sold it to a number of gentlemen; who, after occasionally exhi biting it for charitable purposes, have placed it, among other curiosities, in the KERATRY* was re-elected a deputy in tained at the count's expense. The com1822, but on the next dissolution of the plete course of instruction appointed for chamber of deputies, failed of maintaining the pensioners lasts three years, and the his seat in that body. He continued, how- subjects taught them are scientific agriever, his warfare against the existing ad- culture, and the sciences relating to it; ministration of the government, with the the law of property, as affecting landlords greatest keenness and activity, in the co- and tenants; together with practical huslumns of the "Courrier français," of which bandry, and the breeding of horses and journal he was one of the proprietors and cattle. Others, not pensioners, are at lib"collaborateurs." He was, in consequence, erty to select such parts of the course as twice subjected to prosecution by the go- they may think proper, and to limit themvernment; but succeeded, in both in- selves to one or two years only of the stances, in obtaining an acquittal. In whole time prescribed. In the Georgi1827, he was again elected a deputy, from con provision is also made for teaching the department of La Vendée. From this girls the branches of knowledge connectperiod until the revolution of 1830, heed with housekeeping. The institution continued on all occasions to support the cause of liberal principles. He was one of the 221 members of the chamber who voted the famous address to Charles X., and one of the members also who protested against the ordinances of the 27th of July, of the year just mentioned; and he cooperated in all the proceedings which led to the establishment of the new government. He was made a member of the chamber of Peers in 1837. The last three literary productions of M. Kératry, so far at least as we are aware, are "Frédéric Styndall, ou la fatale année" (5 vols. 12mo. 1827); "Saphira, ou Paris et Rome sous l'empire" (2 vols. 8vo. 1836); and "Une fin de siècle en huit ans" (2 vols. Svo. 1839). Besides the numerous works published separately by him, he has contributed extensively to several encyclopaedical collections, especially on historical subjects, and the philosophy of the fine arts. KERSEY, and KERSEY MERE. Kersey is a kind of coarse cloth, usually ribbed, and woven from long wool. Its name is probably a corruption of Jersey, where it is said to have been first manufactured. Kerseymere, on the other hand, is a thin stuff, generally woven plain from the finest wools; and hence it has been inferred that these two terms, whose meaning is so distinct, cannot be referred to the same origin. Accordingly, kerseymere is conjectured to have derived its appellation from Cashmeer, a country which produces the finest wool, and is most celebrated for the excellence of its woollen fabrics. is, moreover, amply provided with all the apparatus and other means for rendering the instruction communicated effective. The town has, besides the Georgicon, a Catholic gymnasium, and a high and a normal school: and it contains also a fine castle, in which count Festetits resides, 2 Catholic churches, a convent, and an hospital. now KEW. The gardens here are opened daily, during all seasons, from one to three o'clock in the afternoon. KHARKOW, or CHARKOW; the capital of the government of the same name, in the S. of European Russia. It has 4 fairs in the course of the year, at which an extensive trade is carried on in woollens, cottons, and silks. This town is, however, at present most remarkable on account of its university, founded by the emperor Alexander, and first opened in January 1805. It had, in 1833, as many as 71 professors and other instructors, and 383 students. It possesses a library which, in the year just mentioned, contained upwards of 35,000 volumes, a philosophical apparatus, a museum of natural history, and a cabinet of eastern medals which has recently received considerable accessions.-Kharkow contains a cathedral, a gymnasium, a theological seminary, &c., and has a population of about 13,000. KHIVA; an independent khanat of Turkestan, in Central Asia. Its dominion is believed at present to extend between the 36th and 44th degrees of N. lat., and the 52d and 64th of E. long., having E. the Karakalpack territories and Bokhara, S. AfghanKESTHELY; a town of Hungary, near istan and the Persian province of Khorasthe W. end of lake Balaton, about 100 san, W. the Caspian, and N. the Kirghees miles S. of Presburg, with 8000 inhabit- Steppe and the Sea of Aral. The popuants. It derives a considerable importance lation of this extensive territory is estifrom the great school of agriculture found- mated by Sir A. Burnes at only 200,000 ed here by count George Festetits, and at most, nearly the whole surface consistknown as the Georgicon, which has seve-ing of unproductive sandy wastes. A ral professors and practical teachers, main-portion of it owes its fertility to the river VOL. XIV.-48 about 1200 or 1500 inhabitants; all males, no women being allowed to reside in it. Oxus and the canals communicating with it. The climate and products of Khiva are much the same as in Bokhara; and the inhabitants, though of the same race, KIEF; capital of the Russian government are more barbarous. According to Burnes, of the same name, and the former resithe Khivans are at best an organized ban-dence of the grand dukes of Russia, on the ditti, protected by the natural strength of Dnieper, a little below the confluence of their country.-Khiva, the principal town, the Desna with that river, in lat. 50° 27′ and residence of the Khan, is situated on N., and long. 30° 27′ E. It contains an irrigated and fertile plain, near the about 40,000 inhabitants. The principal Oxus, 290 miles W.N.W. from Bokhara, structures are the cathedral of St. Sophia, and 720 miles S.S.E. from Orenburg, on founded in 1037, and an object of the the high road between these two cities. greatest veneration on the part of the RusIts population is of a very mixed character, sians; the monastery of Pitchersk, the and amounts probably to from 10,000 to tower or belfry of which rises to the height 12,000 persons. Its chief trade is in slaves, of 304 feet, and is deemed by the Rusfor which it is the largest mart in Inde- sians a master-piece of architecture; the pendent Turkestan.-The Khivans having university buildings; the exchange, with a captured at different times a number of hall capable of accommodating 9000 perRussian subjects, and detained them in a sons; and the arsenal, erected by Cathecondition of slavery, a Russian force at-rine II., a large and handsome building, tempted to penetrate into their country, in 1839; but General Petrofski, who commanded it, after encountering the greatest difficulties on his march through desert regions, and losing great numbers of his men, found it expedient to order a retreat, before accomplishing the object of his expedition. A similar attempt made by the Russians, in 1717, by order of Peter the Great, had been attended with no better success. The expedition of General Petrofski, it was, that gave rise, a few years since, to the idea that the emperor Nicholas had then a design to establish at Khiva an advanced post, looking towards a future contest, for the dominion of Asia, with the present rulers of Hindostan. KIACHTA. According to Klaproth, the accounts of the Russian commerce with China have been much exaggerated. In 1831, the Russian exports, by way of Kiachta, amounted to 4,655,536 francs, and the imports to 6,758,858 francs. The exports are furs, sheep, and lamb-skins, Russian and Silesian broad-cloths, Russian and morocco leather, coarse linens, cattle, and especially bullion; for tea, raw and manufactured silks, nankeens, porcelain, sugarcandy, rhubarb, tobacco, musk, &c. Of these last, tea is by far the most important, and the quantity of it imported and consumed in the Russian empire is rapidly augmenting. Goods may be conveyed from Kiachta to European Russia either by land or water. In the former mode, the journey occupies a year, and, in the latter, three years, or rather three very short summers, the rivers being for a great part of the year frozen over.-The Chinese or Mongolian town, situated on the opposite bank of the river from Kiachta, has containing an extensive supply of arms.The theological academy of Kief, founded in 1661, is one of the most celebrated in Russia. In 1830, it was attended, according to Schnitzler, by 1500 pupils. The former gymnasium of this city was transformed, in 1833, into a university, intended to replace that of Wilna, in Lithuania, which was suppressed after the late Polish insurrection. It had, in 1838, 63 professors and assistants, and 259 students, with a library of more than 45,000 volumes. In the next year, however, the courses of instruction were, for political reasons, suspended. KIEL. Population, in 1840, 11,000.— Since 1834, it has become the seat of the supreme court of appeal for the duchies of Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg. A good deal of trade is carried on. Packetboats sail regularly for Copenhagen; and the road from Hamburg being equal to any in England, this route is much frequented by travellers visiting the Danish metropo lis. The Holstein canal, forming a navi gable communication between the Eyder and the Baltic, unites with the latter two miles from the town.-The university, by the last information, had 300 students, and maintains its reputation. KILT, a loose dress extending from the belly to the knee, in the form of a petti coat; worn in the Highlands of Scotland by men, and by children in the Lowlands. The Highlanders designate the kilt as the filibeg. This singular national dress is fast hastening into disuse; and but for a few Highland regiments in which it is still maintained, it would probably long ere now have been universally superseded by the dress of the Lowlanders. KING'S COLLEGE-KOCK. 379 and manuscripts in the Royal Library at Berlin, with a dissertation on the language and origin of the Ouigours" (1822, in German); a "Treatise on the language and origin of the Afghans" (1810); a number of translations from the Chinese and Japanese languages; a treatise entitled "Collections d'antiquités égyptiennes" (1829); and an "Examen critique des travaux de feu M. Champollion sur les hiéroglyphes" (1832). In the two last mentioned works he controverts some of the positions of Champollion. KING'S COLLEGE.* In 1845, this institution had, besides the preparatory school, the three departments of "General Literature and Science," of the "Applied Sciences," and of "Medicine." The first of these was attended by 125 matriculated students; the second by 30; and the third by 152. There were also 35 occasional students in the various classes, exclusive of the medical; and 36 such students in the medical classes. The pupils in the school amounted in number to 471. After completing a three years' course in the department of general literature and sci- KLINGEMANN performed many artistience, those students who have passed cal or theatrical excursions in Germany, through it with credit are entitled to the and published the observations which ocdiploma of "Associate of King's College." curred to him on those occasions in a work The department of the applied sciences entitled "On Art and Nature" (Brunsincludes mathematics, general philosophy, wick, 1809. 2 vols.). In 1829, he quitted chemistry, geology, and manufacturing the direction of the theatre at Brunswick art, with a special course for students in for a professorship in the Carolinum of that civil engineering and architecture. There city. He died in January 1831. are professorships, in the various depart- Kock (Charles Paul de), a French noments of the college, of Classical Litera- velist and dramatic writer, of some celeture, English Literature and Modern His-brity, was born at Passy, near Paris, in tory, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy 1794. He was the son of a Dutch banker, and Astronomy, Experimental Philosophy, English Law and Jurisprudence, Political Economy, Chemistry, Geology, Botany, Zoology, the Fine Arts, the Hebrew Language and Literature, the Oriental Languages, and of the French, German, Italian, and Spanish Languages respectively, and also of Vocal Music, and Drawing and Perspective. A theological department was instituted in January of the present year (1846). There are libraries attached to the several departments, and likewise a general library. KIRSCHWASSER, a German word, literally translated into English, cherry water, is the name given in Germany to a spirituous liquor, which is obtained by fementing the small and sweet black cherry. The liquor produced is distilled and often flavoured with prussic acid, derived from the bruised kernels of the fruit: this gives to kirschwasser, when sweetened, the character of noyau. It is chiefly made in the region of the Black Forest. Hence its French name, eau de la forêt noire. KLAPROTH (Henry Julius v.) died at Paris, August 27th 1835, in the 52d year of his age. In addition to his works before enumerated, the following are the most important that have been published by him::-"Mémoires relatifs à l'Asie" (3 vols. 8vo. 1826-283), a work of extraordinary research and erudition; a "Tableau historique, géographique, ethnographique et politique du Caucase" (1825) a "Catalogue of the Chinese and Manchu books 66 who had removed from Holland to that "Mon Some able critics, however, have not been disposed to award to him a very high rank among his literary contemporaries; and some of his works deserve the severest condemnation for their loose character, and grossly immoral tendencies. which a pension was bestowed upon him, accompanied by the privilege of a seat in the senatus academicus and the faculty, and the title of honorary professor; and authority was also granted him to continue, should he think proper, his courses of philosophy. His Philosophical Dictionary 2d edition of it was published in 1832-34, also in 5 volumes; and a uniform edition of his works was published in 1830-41, in 12 volumes. He has written the history of his own life. KÖNIGSBERG.* Population in 1837, 64,200. The number of students attend-appeared in 1827-29, in 5 volumes, and a ing the university, in 1835, was 437. This institution, besides a library already mentioned, has connected with it a valuable botanical garden, an excellent observatory, &c. Königsberg has also three gymnasiums, a school of arts, one of drawing and architecture, one for the deaf and dumb, another for the blind, together with a number of other institutions of education. KUNTH (Charles Sigismund) was born at Leipsic in June 1788. His taste for the study of natural history was very early developed; but his father, who supported KREUTZER (Rodolphe), a celebrated his family by teaching the English lanviolinist and musical composer, was born guage at Leipsic, dying, and leaving at Versailles, November 15th 1766. He them destitute, he went to Berlin, where received his first instruction in music from he had an uncle, a Prussian counsellor of his father, a German musician settled in state. Through the influence of the latter, Paris, and made such rapid progress, that, he obtained a clerkship in the "royal comwhen only 13 years of age, he executed in pany of maritime commerce." While public, with credit to himself, a concerto faithfully performing the duties assigned of his own composition. His merits as a him, he devoted his leisure moments with performer having procured for him the ap- ardour, at first to the study of chemistry pointment of first violinist at the "Théâtre and botany, but soon to that of botany exItalien," he produced his "Jeanne d'Arc," clusively, in which he made a rapid pro"Paul et Virginie," and "Lodoïska;" of gress under the direction of Willdenow.which the two last obtained an extraordi- A new career was opened to him in 1813. nary and well deserved success. After He was entrusted by A. de Humboldt with the production of his "Imogène" in 1796, the preparation of the botanical part of his he made a professional journey through the celebrated work on America, with which north of Italy, Germany, and Holland, Bonpland and Willdenow had merely giving concerts in all the principal cities, made a beginning. Kunth went to Paris, and attracting general admiration by his where Humboldt then resided, and contiperformances. Returning to Paris when nued there during a period of 17 years. the "Conservatoire" was about to be or- His connexions with the leading botanists ganized, he was invited to a professorship of the French metropolis enabled him, in that institution, and, in conjunction with without travelling to any considerable exBaillot and Rode, founded that school of tent, to collect a splendid and well arFrench violinists which has latterly earned ranged herbarium of 40,000 different speso wide a celebrity. The compositions of cies, and which is said to be the most Kreutzer are very numerous. He is the complete of its kind in the possession of author of 9 grand operas, 5 ballets, 19 comic any one individual.-In 1829, he accepted operas, 22 concertos or symphonies, 15 a professorship of botany in the univer quatuors, 15 trios, &c. He published, sity of Berlin, in which city he still resides, also, jointly with Rode and Baillot, the actively engaged in his scientific pursuits. "Méthode du violon du Conservatoire." It-The following are his most important is, however, in the 8 numbers of his "Etudes et caprices pour le violon," that the principles of his method of instruction are to be found most fully developed and explained. He died, January 6th 1831, at Geneva, whither he had gone for the restoration of his health. KRUG.* The university of Leipsic, in 1830, conferred upon Krug the degree of doctor of theology, and, in 1833, chose him to be its deputy to the states of Saxony. In 1834, he resigned his professorship, on works:-". Nova genera et species plantarum" (7 vols. Paris, 1815-25): "Legumineuses du nouveau continent" (Paris, 1819); and especially the "Révision des Graminées" (Paris, 1829-33), in 10 volumes folio, containing the description of 6000 plants, and upwards of 1000 engravings from drawings of his own. Since his return to Berlin, he has also published a manual of botany, "Handbuch der Botanik" (Berlin, 1830); a work on medicinal plants, "Anleitung zur Kentniss sämmtl. |