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'91-Freire to this country-Legation suspended in 1801-
Smith in '97-Portugal, small possessions in Europe-Brazil,
an empire-In time of Pombal, court had design of going
there-Portuguese, maritime people-Court prepared to
leave Europe in 1802-Finally sailed in 1807, for Rio, just as
French were entering Lisbon-Coronation of Don Pedro in
Brazil-The first in the New World-Relations with Portu-
gal--Sumpter and Graham ministers--Privateers--Correa de
Serra-Dearborn appointed to Lisbon-Commercial treaty-
Attempts a negotiation-Treaty with England and state of
kingdom delay it-Ultra royal revolution in Portugal-Eng-
land and Holy Alliance antagonists-Dearborn's account of
Don Miguel's revolt and submission-Singular transaction—
Obtains permission to return to United States-Offer of box
with brilliants-Brent, Chargé-Constancio and Pereira Por-
tuguese Charges,
CHAPTER IX.
222
NEGOTIATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN CONCERNING
PAYMENT FOR SLAVES, AND SLAVE TRADE.
Singular controversy respecting first article in Ghent treaty
concerning the removal of slaves-Very difficult to make a
treaty not leading to controversies-Explanation and discus-
sion of the subject-Parties disagree-Referred in 1818 to
Emperor of Russia-Decides for the United States-Number
of slaves removed-Average and total value-England paid
$124,960 as indemnity-Cheves and Pleasants, commissioners
--Parts of United States first to abolish slave trade-United
States first to declare it piracy--Proceedings of American go-
vernment on this subject very honourable-England negotiates
with powers of Europe for abolition-Efforts at Vienna and
other congresses-Declaration of the eight powers-Evasive
-No slave trade permitted in 1820 north of the Equator-
Only by the Portuguese south-Still, great trade-80,000
slaves removed in one year-French flag much employed--In
1818 England proposed a convention to United States-Not
accepted on account of constitutional difficulties-House of
Representatives authorize President to negotiate with Euro-
pean powers--Propose convention to England-That country
declares slave trade piracy-Convention agreed on-Provi-
sions--Allows right of search--Dangerous-Discussion of that
topic-Senate finally reject the convention--Not for right of
search--Reasons-Last official act of the government--Not a
local question,
237
CHAPTER X.
RELATIONS WITH THE NETHERLANDS.
Holland fell in '94-Changes in government-Great trade
with this country--King Louis well disposed-Compelled to
abdicate-Confiscation of American property-Since 1815 ne-
gotiations of slight importance-Attempt to renew treaty of
1782-Not successful-Countervailing duties-Trade of Ne-
therlands confined to export of foreign articles-Principle
of reciprocity established by corresponding laws--Everett,
chargé Netherlands give 10 per cent. bounty to their ships
--U. States remonstrate--Difficulty removed-Netherlands'
colonial principle very severe--Hughes, chargé—Huygens
minister--Quabeck and Heeckeren, chargés--Commercial
treaty with Hamburgh, Bremen and Lubeck,
CHAPTER XI.
CONVENTION OF 1824 WITH RUSSIA.
Singular controversy-Only point ever in dispute--Ukase
of September 1821, claiming the North West--Letter of Rus-
sian minister--Grounds of claim--Americans on coast in '83-
Russian titles examined--Discovery--Occupation-Possession
. 278
-Behring-Tschirikoff--Cook--La Perouse-Dixon--Van-
couvre--Baranoff-No foundation for claim--Renounced by
convention of 1824--Always on best terms with Russia--Very
useful as mediator--No treaty of commerce--Great trade--
American and Russian ministers,
. 287
VOL. II.
CHAPTER XII.
COLONIAL TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
Two opportunities to regulate this trade passed by-In 1794
and 1825-Right to trade not a natural one-Depends on con-
ventional law-True distinction-Since 1783 subject of nego-
tiation as well as of intercourse-Constitutes right on part of
the United States to negotiate for it—Amount of the trade in
different years-Valuable for manner in which it is conducted
-Excellent nursery for seamen-History of negotiations with
England-United States have rejected all propositions in ex-
pectation of acquiring the whole trade-No indication that
England will yield this ground-Acts of the American and
English governments-Practical effects of the system-Mr.
King sent to London-No instructions-Is succeeded by Mr.
Gallatin-The English proposition of 1825 withdrawn, and
intimation given, that farther negotiation would be declined-
Trade remains in same state to present hour-Examination of
ground assumed by England,
CHAPTER XIII.
NEGOTIATIONS WITH BARBARY POWERS.
. 310
Barbary powers no longer formidable-Mediterranean al-
ways subject to piracies-Remarkable sea-Celebrated in all
ages-Power of corsairs diminished-Once very great-No
proper diplomatic intercourse-Regencies dependent in a de-
gree on Porte-Morocco independent-Before Revolution
trade protected by England-Trade considerable-American-
vessels taken by Algerines in '85-Slavery mild in the East-
Slaves article of traffic-Government attentive to trade, but
poor and weak-Different modes of dealing with Corsairs-
Tribute-Force-Treaty with Morocco-Suffered little from
that state-Algiers, prince of pirates-Piracy, monopoly of
government-Often bombarded-To little purpose-Rates of
ransom-Government too poor to pay-Captives long detain-
ed—Mathurins—Affair not honourable to this country-In-
debted to Corsairs for navy-Treaty-Very expensive-Fri-
gate Washington carries Algerine ambassador to Constantino-
ple-Algiers only country that ever declared war against
United States-War of 1812-Unlucky time for Dey-Squad-
ron sent to Algiers-Makes treaty and abolishes tribute---
Tripoli-Navy first distinguished there-Treaty-Expedition
of Eaton-Pashaw Hamet-Ill used-Treaty made by Lear-
Too hasty--Article never communicated to government-
Davis receives Hamet's family-Tunis-Near Carthage--
Remarks respecting Turks--Ruins in East more interesting
than in Europe--Regencies, but one want--Money--System
in regard to Corsairs honourable to government and navy,
CHAPTER XIV.
RELATIONS WITH SOUTH AMERICAN STATES.
All Spanish America on Continent emancipated-Spain, As-
syrian monarchy of modern times-Dismemberment awakens
melancholy reflections-Writers too sanguine in regard to free
governments-North American Revolution excited extrava-
gant hopes-Difference between liberty and independence-
England early had a project to emancipate South America-
Miranda Jesuits-Cooperation of United States sought-Let-
ters of Miranda to Hamilton-Plan for emancipation-France,
a similar scheme-1808, beginning of revolution-Oppressions
of the colonies-Lord Wellington ordered to Spain instead of
South America-Napoleon's designs on that continent-In-
structions to his agent-Ignorance and apathy of the natives-
Buenos Ayres made most rapid progress-Agents sent secretly
by United States-Alarmed by movements of France and Eng-
land-Transactions of this government with that continent-
Agents from South America in this country-Not received-
Tupac Amaru-Account of revolution in different provinces-
Great vicissitudes as well as cruelties-Manifests of indepen-
dence-Negotiations of colonies with mother country-Dif-
335
ferent motives in commencing revolution-Report of House
of Representatives on negotiation-Ministers appointed-Ob-
stacles to progress of revolution-Old Spaniards held all offices
-All the capital-Nobility-Different races of men-Present
state of republics-General boundaries-Spain protests feebly
against recognition-Appeals to Holy Alliance-Declaration
of England-Treaties with Colombia and Guatimala-Con-
gress of Panama-Account and discussion of that important
business-Never held-General remarks on intercourse with
South America-Present state of diplomatic relations—Brazil
-Diplomatic relations,
406
494
499