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PART III.

SYNTAX treats of the construction of sentences by determining the relation, agreement, and arrangement of words.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS TO BE NOTICED IN ANALYSIS AND CONSTRUCTION.

SENTENCES.

I. A SENTENCE is an assemblage of words so arranged as to express an entire proposition.

II. A SENTENCE consists of

PRINCIPAL PARTS

and ADJUNCTS.

III. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS of a Sentence are those words necessary to make the unqualified assertion.

IV. THE ADJUNCTS of a Sentence are the words used to modify or describe other words in the Sentence.

V. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS of a Sen

tence are

The SUBJECT,
The PREDICATE,
The OBJECT.

VI. THE SUBJECT of a Sentence is that concerning which something is asserted.

VII. THE PREDICATE is the word or words that assert something of the Subject.

VIII. THE OBJECT of a Sentence is that on which the act expressed by the Predicate terminates.

IX. THE SUBJECT of a Sentence may be
X. THE OBJECT of a Sentence may be

A WORD,

A PHRASE, Or
A SENTENCE.

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Masculine Gender,

XII. NOUNS and PRONOUNS are of the Feminine Gender, or

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Person, Person, or Person. Singular Number, or Plural Number. the Nominative Case.

XV. THE SUBJECT of a Sentence is in
XVI. THE OBJECT of a Sentence is in the Objective

XVII. THE GRAMMATICAL

PREDICATE of a Sen-- A VERB

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with or without

Case

Another VERB,

A PARTICIPLE,
An ADJECTIVE,
A NOUN,
A PRONOUN, Or
A PREPOSITION.

Prior Past Tense,
Past Tense,

Prior Present Tense,

Present Tense,

Prior Future Tense,

Future Tense.

Prior Past Tense,

Past Tense,

Prior Present Tense,

Present Tense,

Past Tense,

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Present Tense.

Present Tense.

Person
and
Number.

PRIMARY

or

XX. THE ADJUNCTS of a Sentence are

SECONDARY.

XXI PRIMARY ADJUNCTS are attached to the Principal
Parts of a Sentence or Phrase.

XXII. SECONDARY ADJUNCTS are attached to other Adjuncts.

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XXVI. AN INTRANSITIVE SENTENCE has no Object.

XXVII. A TRANSITIVE SENTENCE has an Object.

XXVIII. A SIMPLE SENTENCE has all its Principal Parts

Single.

XXIX. A COMPOUND SENTENCE has some of its Principal Parts Compound.

XXX A PRINCIPAL SENTENCE asserts a Principal Proposi

tion.

XXXI. AN AUXILIARY SENTENCE asserts a Dependent Proposition.

XXXII. CONJUNCTIONS introduce Sentences, and connect Words and Phrases.

XXXIII. A PREPOSITION Shows a relation of its object to the word which its Phrase qualifies.

XXXIV. AN EXCLAMATION has no dependent Construction.

XXXV. A WORD OF EUPHONY is, in its office, chiefly rhetorical.

II. PHRASES.

XXXVI. A PHRASE is two or more words properly arranged, not constituting an entire proposition; but performing a distinct etymological office.

XXXVII. A PHRASE consists of

PRINCIPAL PARTS

and

ADJUNCTS

XXXVIII. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS of a Phrase are those words necessary to its structure.

XXXIX. THE ADJUNCTS of a Phrase are words used to modify or describe other words.

XL. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS THE LEADING WORD,

of a Phrase are

S

THE SUBSEQUENT WORD. XLI. THE LEADING WORD of a Phrase, is the word used to introduce the Phrase-generally connecting its Subsequent to the word which the Phrase qualifies. XLII. THE SUBSEQUENT WORD of a Phrase, is the word which follows the Leading Word as its object-depending on it for sense.

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XLV. A TRANSITIVE PHRASE is one whose Subsequent (Infinitive Verb or Participle) asserts an action which terminates on an Object.

XLVI. AN INTRANSITIVE PHRASE is one whose Subsequent is a Noun or Pronoun, or a Verb or Participle having no Object.

XLVII. A PHRASE is, in form,

PREPOSITIONAL,

PARTICIPIAL,

INFINITIVE, Or
INDEPENDENT.

XLVIII. A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE is one that is ir troduced by a Preposition-having a Noun, a Pronoun (Word, Phrase, or Sentence), or a Participle, for its object of relation.

XLIX. A PARTICIPIAL PHRASE is one that is introduced by a Participle-being followed by an Object of an action, or by an Adjunct.

L. AN INFINITIVE PHRASE is one that is introduced by the Preposition To-having a Verb in the Infinitive Mode as its Object of relation.

LI. AN INDEPENDENT PHRASE is one that is introduced
by a Noun or Pronoun-having a Participle de-
pending on it.

LII. A Phrase is COMPOUND, when it has two or more
Leaders or Subsequents.

LIII. A Phrase is COMPLEX, when one of its Principal
Parts is qualified by another Phrase.

Remark.-Words combined into a Sentence, have relation to each other—a relation which often determines their forms. The principal Modifications of words as treated in Part II. of this work, are those of form-and these forms vary according to their relation to other words. Thus, in speaking of Frederick, I may say, "he assisted James." Here "he" stands for the name of Frederick; and that form of the Pronoun is used to denote that Frederick was the agent of the action-the Subject of the Verb. But if I say, "him James assisted," I make quite a different assertion, not because I speak of different persons or of a different act, but, because I use a different modification of the word "he."

But the form does not always determine the office of words in a Sentence. I may say, Frederick assisted James,

And

James assisted Frederick.

Here, although I use the same words, and the same form of those words, I make two widely different assertions. The difference in the assertions in these examples, is caused by the change of position of the words. Hence, the laws of AGREEMENT and ARRANGEMENT of words in the construction of Sentences.

Rem.—As Diagrams are of great service in constructing sentences, by serving as tests of the grammatical correctness of a composition, they are inserted in Part III. It is hoped that the teacher will not fail to require the class to write sentences which shall contain words in every possible condition, and in every variety of modification. Young pupils should be required to place the sentences in Diagrams.

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