name of a class. spoken of... denotes but one....... Hence..a Noun. Hence..Common. .. Hence.. Third Person.. Object of the action expressed by lend.... Hence.. Singular Number. .Hence.. Objective Case. RULE "The Object of an action or relation must be in the Objective Case." .is used for a name.. its form denotes its person. denotes more than one... Subject of "lend”. .Hence..a Pronoun. Hence..Second Person. RULE "The Subject of a Sentence must be in the Nominative Case." name of a class. spoken to.... denotes more than one. . Hence..a Noun. . Hence..Second Person. not dependent on any other .... Hence.. Independent Case. Our.....i ANALYSIS. .Subject, Intransitive Sentence, • Predicate,} Adjunct of" Fathers." Logical Adjunct of "they." ..Adjunct of" are." .....is an Adjective-Specifying-Possessive-Specifies "Fathers." Fathers..is a Noun-Common- -Masculine-Third Person--Plural Number-Independent Case-a logical Adjunct of "they." RULE-NOTE "A Noun or Pronoun denoting the subject of remark, is in the Independent Case." Where... Modifies "are"-hence, an Adverb-of place-Interrogative. Are...... asserts veing-hence, a Verb-Intransitive-Indicative Made Present Tense-Third Person-Plural Number-corresponds with "they." RULE "A Verb must agree with its Subject in Person and Number." They.... is used for a name; hence, a Pronoun-Personal-Third Person-Plural Number-Nominative Case to "are." RULE" The Subject of a Sentence must be in the Nomi native Case." ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. "They tell me of the Egyptian asp, "Ye crags and peaks! I'm with you once again." "And hoary peaks that proudly prop "And echo conversations dull and dry, Embellished with He said, and so said I."-Cowper. "He evinced the elder brother's title to the estate, from the contradictory evidence of the witnesses, and the false reasoning of the pleaders; unraveled all the sophistry to the very bottom, and gained a complete victory in favor of truth and justice."-Anon. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. CASES. What is the definition of the word case, as used in grammar? To what class of words does the term apply? How many cases of Nouns and Pronouns? Name them. NOMINATIVE. When must a Noun or Pronoun be in the Nominative Case ? The Subject of a Sentence may consist of what? Is the Subject of a Sentence always expressed ?. The Subjects of what Verbs are commonly understood? What its position in Interrogative Sentences? The position of who, which, and what, used as Interrogatives? In Declaratives Modes, when may the Subject follow the Predicate? When may a Nominative Phrase follow its Predicate? May the subject be repeated?-When? The logical Subjects of Infinitive Verbs and Participles may be in what Cases? OBJECTIVE. When must a Noun or Pronoun be in the Objective Case? What: words assert action? What express relation? What may constitute the Object of action or relation? How are we to decide when a sentence is Principal or Auxiliary What is the natural position of the Object? When may a verb have two Objects ? Are Prepositions sometimes omitted? What Verbs are often followed by Objective and Independent Cases? Do all Verbs have objects? POSSESSIVE. What is the office of a Noun or Pronoun in the Possessive Case? Do these words always indicate possession? When is the sign of the Possessive not to be annexed? A Possessive is generally equivalent to what? May they be qualified by other Adjectives? What should be the position of the Possessive? INDEPENDENT. When is a Noun or Pronoun in the Independent Case? What may be the form of words in this case? Name the various conditions of words in the Independent Case. PRONOUN. Rule 8. A Pronoun must agree with its Antecedent in Gender, Person, and Number. OBS. 1.—The Antecedent of a Pronoun may be a Word, Phrase, or Sentence. EXAMPLES. 1. A Word...." James has injured HIMSELF; HE has studied too much." 2. A Phrase...." William's abandoning a good situation in hopes of a better, was never approved by me. IT has been the prime cause of all his troubles." "Ir is good to be zealously affected in a good thing." 3. A Sentence.."I am glad that Charles has secured a liberal educationIT is what few poor boys have the perseverance to accomplish." OBS. 2.-A Pronoun may consist of a Word, Phrase, or Sentence. 1. A Word 2. A Phrase.. EXAMPLES. . I have treated him respectfully. "His being a scholar entitles him to respect." 3 A Sentence.. That good men sometimes commit faults, cannot be denied. "Much learning shows How little mortals know."— -Young. NOTE I. A Pronoun should have a Singular form, (1.) When it represents one Singular Antecedent. EXAMPLE Henry was quite well when I last saw HIM. (2.) When it represents two or more Singular Antecedents taken separately. EXAMPLE" The oil of peppermint, or any other volatile oil, dropped on paper will soon evaporate; no trace of Ir will be left." NOTE II. A Pronoun should have a Plural form, (1.) When it has one Antecedent indicating Plurality. EXAMPLE-Few men are as wise as THEY might be. (2.) When it has two or more Antecedents taken collectively. EXAMPLE-Homer and Henry always accomplish what THEY undertake. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. NOTE III. The form of a Personal Pronoun, should indicate its Person and Number. OBS. 1.-The Pronouns I and we denote the person or persons speaking or writing-"I" Singular-"we" Plural. But, OBS. 2.-"We" is used in the Singular by Editors and Emperors. EXAMPLES- "We, Nicholas I., Emperor of all the Russias." "We shall present ourself as candidate at the next election." OBS. 3.-Thou is used in Solemn Style, to denote a person addressed. EXAMPLE "Thou didst weave this verdant roof." OBS. 4. You was formerly limited to the Second Person Plural; but is now used in the Second Person Singular and Plural. Its verb is commonly in the Plural form. EXAMPLES "You are come too late." You have accomplished your object. OBS. 5. But it has sometimes a Singular form. EXAMPLES-" On that happy day when you was given to the world." "When you was here comforting me.-Pope. Dod's Mas. "Why was you glad."-Boswell's Life of Johnson. ОвS. 6.-The Pronoun "it" often has an Indefinite or undetermined Antecedent; and may then represent any Gender, Person, or Number. EXAMPLES "It snows." "It rains." "IT was my father. IT was the students. A pleasant thing IT is, to behold the sun. "If ever there was a 'people's man' in the true sense, IT was Dr. Chalmers."-B. B. Edwards. NOTE IV. Pronouns of different Persons used in the same connection, should have their appropriate position. OBS. 1.-The Second Person is used first-the Third next, and the First last. EXAMPLE-You and James and I have been invited. OBS. 2.—But when a fault is confessed, this order is sometimes reversed. EXAMPLE-I and my people have sinned." NOTE V. The Pronoun "them" should not be used Adjectively. Incorrect.... . Bring me them books. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. OBS. 1.-A Relative Pronoun always performs a double office, and is used, 1. Substantively. EXAMPLE-He who studies, will improve. "Who" relates to "he," and is the Subject of studies—hence, a Substantive. |