church are now very much studied by the German Protestants, and many parts of their works have been translated. We do not hesitate to say that they are too little studied in England, as well as in the U. States, containing, as they do, great stores of knowledge relating to the early history of Christianity, and elucidating its character. The work of doctor Neander, Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christenthums und des Christlichen Lebens (Berlin, 1825-6), in which great use has been made of the writings of the fathers, affords abundant evidence of their value. CHURCH MUSIC. (See Music, Sacred.) CHURCH, STATES OF THE; the pope's dominions in Italy. They originated with the grant of Pepin, king of the Franks, in 754, who bestowed on Stephen II, bishop of Rome, some districts, which the Lombards, against whom Stephen II solicited Pepin's assistance, had taken from the exarchate. Charlemagne confirmed this grant in 774, and, in return, received the title of Roman emperor from Leo III, in 800. The suspicious charters of Louis-leDébonnaire, Otho I and Henry II, the genuineness of which the papal chamberlain, Marino Marini, has lately (Rome, 1822) endeavored to establish, are the only proofs of these grants of Pepin and Charlemagne to the popes. The temporal power of the popes over the States of the Church, or the dominion of St. Peter, is founded on these documents, of which there only exists a copy, received of the papal chamberlain Cancio, towards the end of the 12th century. The wise policy of the popes, in conferring favors on the Normans in Lower Italy, secured to them, in these vassals, stanch protectors of the holy see. The structure of the papal power was fully completed in 1075, under Gregory VII. The crusades contributed more to promote the views of the popes in the commencement than in the sequel. The dominions of Mathilda (q. v.) were added to the States of the Church, and the popes maintained possession of them against all the claims of the Gerinan emperors. The papal chair removed a dangerous neighbor belonging to the house of Hohenstaufen, by raising the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, in the year 1265. The tyranny of the heads of the church, added to their corrupt life, at last provoked the Romans to opposition, and the popes were obliged to transfer their residence, from 1305 till 1376, to Avignon, which Clement VI bought of Joanna, queen of Naples and countess of Provence, in 1348. As the choice of the

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popes made under the influence of the king of France seldom or never obtained the assent of the Romans and Germans, antipopes were elected by the latter, and the welfare of the church, as well as of the state, suffered by their mutual hostilities. The return of the popes to Rome was favorable to the aggrandizement of their power, although the German councils often expressed themselves in bold and independent language. Julius II added Bologna to the papal dominions in 1513, and Ancona in 1532. The Venetians were obliged to cede Ravenna. Ferrara was wrested from Modena in 1598, and Urbino was bequeathed to the papal chair, in 1626, by its last duke, Francis Maria, of the house of Rovera. At the same time, the popes lost a great part of their temporal and spiritual influence, to the diminution of which the rapid progress of the reformation from the year 1517, greatly contributed. The wise administration of Sixtus V restored internal order towards the end of the 16th century; but the extravagance and family partialities of his successors created fresh disorder. Clement XIV was forced to abolish the order of the Jesuits, in 1773. Subsequently, Naples renounced her feudal obligations to the papal chair, and even the journey of Pius VI to Vienna, in 1782, could not prevent the great changes which Joseph II was making in the ecclesiastical affairs of his kingdom. After the successes of the French in Italy, the pope was forced, at the peace of Tolentino, Feb. 13, 1797, to cede Avignon to France, and Romagna, Bologna and Ferrara to the Cisalpine republic. An insurrection in Rome against the French, Dec. 28, 1797, caused the occupation of the city, Feb. 10, 1798, and the annexation of the States of the Church to the Roman republic. Pius VI died in France. The victories of the Russians and Austrians in Italy favored the election of pope Pius VII, March 14, 1800, who, under the protection of Austrian troops, took possession of Rome. By the concordat concluded, in 1801, with the first consul of the French republic, the pope again lost a great part of his temporal power. In 1807, the holy father was urged to introduce the Code Napoléon, and to declare war against England. He refused; and, on the 3d of April, France was declared to be at war with the pope, and the provinces of Ancona, Urbino, Macerata and Camerino were added to the kingdom of Italy. The possessions of the church beyond the Apennines were all that remained to the pope. (See the correspondence of Pius

VII with Napoleon, in Staudlin's Historical Archives of the States of the Church, 1 vol., 1815.) Feb. 2, 1808, a French corps of 8000 men entered Rome; the remainder of the papal states were added to France, and a pension of 2,000,000 of francs settled on the pope, whose ecclesiastical power was to continue. The decree of May 17, 1809, at length put an end to the ecclesiastical state. The pope was detained in France until the events of 1814 again permitted him to take possession of his states. (See Pius VII) The States of the Church (Stato della Chiesa)17,185 square miles, with 2,460,000 inhabitants, occupying 90 towns, 212 marketplaces, and 3500 villages—are situated in the centre of Italy, between Lombardy, Tuscany, Naples, and the Tuscan and Adriatic seas. The Apennines (which include the Somma, 6800 ft., and Velino, 7872 ft. high) traverse the country from N. W. to S. É. The rivers are small, with the exception of the Po (which touches the northern boundary, and forms the marshes of Commachio) and its branches. The most considerable is the Tiber, navigable from Perugia. Pope Leo XII (Genga) reigned from 1823 till Feb. 15, 1829. Pius VIII (cardinal Castiglione) succeeded him. The revenue is estimated at 12 millions, and the national debt at 200 millions of florins. There is a standing army of 9000 men. The navy consists of 2 frigates and a few small vessels. The emperor of Austria has the right to garrison the citadel of Ferrara. Internal tranquillity is not yet restored. In 1816, the States of the Church, with the exception of Rome, Tivoli and Subiaco, which are under the immediate administration of the pope, were divided into 17 delegations, which, when under the government of cardinals, are called legations. Protestants, Greeks and Jews are tolerated. The religious orders and the Jesuits have been reestablished, as was also, in 1826, the university of Urbino. This fertile country is not very well governed. It produces all kinds of corn, the finest fruits, such as oranges, lemons, figs, dates, &c.; a great quantity of oil, good wines, and mulberries, &c. The hills are covered with thick forests; the finest marble is found here; and there are, likewise, traces of various metals; but these advantages are not sufficiently estimated. Mining is not known; agriculture is neglected; but the breeding of cattle and sheep is more carefully attended to. Manufactures are limited to Rome, Bologna, Ancona and Norcia. In 1824, 3630 vessels entered

the five ports, Rome, Cività Vecchia, Ancio, Terracino and Ancona, of which 1052 belonged to the papal, and 2267 to the other Italian states. The fair of Sinigaglia is much frequented.

CHURCH, Benjamin, who distinguished himself in the Indian wars of New England, was born at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1639. He was one of the most active and indefatigable opponents of the Indian king Philip, and was once very near losing his life, while in pursuit of him. He commanded the party which killed Philip, in August, 1676. In 1704, the spirit of the old warrior was roused by the burning of Deerfield, and he immediately rode 70 miles on horseback, to tender his services to governor Dudley. The offer being accepted, he undertook an expedition against the eastern shore of New England, and inflicted considerable injury upon the French and Indians. The rupture of a blood-vessel, occasioned by a fall from his horse, put an end to his life, Jan. 17, 1718, in the 78th year of his age. He published a narrative of king Philip's war, 1716; and left a character of great integrity and piety.

At the

CHURCHILL, John, duke of Marlborough, a distinguished general and statesman, was the son of sir Winston Churchill, and was born at Ashe, in Devonshire, in 1650. He received his education at home, under a clergyman, from whom he derived little instruction, but imbibed a strong attachment for the church of England. age of 12, he was taken to court, and became page to the duke of York, and, at 16, received from him a pair of colors. The first engagement at which he was present was the siege of Tangier, which seems to have decided him in his choice of a profession. On his return, he remained for some time about the court, and, being very handsome, was a great favorite with the ladies there. The king's mistress, the duchess of Cleveland, in particular, was much attached to him, and presented him with £5,000, with which he purchased a life annuity. In 1672, he accompanied the duke of Monmouth, as captain of grenadiers, when the duke went with a body of auxiliaries to the continent, to assist the French against the Dutch. He there fought under the great Turenne, with whom he went by the name of the handsome Englishman. At the siege of Maestricht, he distinguished himself so highly as to obtain the public thanks of the king of France. On his return to England, he was made lieutenantcolonel; also gentleman of the bed-chamber and master of the robes to the duke

of 1707, his antagonist was the famous duke de Vendôme, over whom he gained no advantage. He was also disappointed in his endeavors to rouse the confederacy into more activity. On his return to England, he found that the duchess was out of favor with the queen; and though he was received with the usual attentions, yet it was evident his popularity at court was on the decline. In 1708, in conjunction with prince Eugene, he gained the battle of Oudenard, and pushed the victory so far, that the French king entered into a negotiation for peace, which was of no effect. In 1709, he defeated marshal Villars at Malplaquet; but this action was attended with great slaughter on both sides, the allies losing 18,000 men, which loss was but ill repaid by the capture of Mons. The prevalence of the tories in England rendered the French war unpopular, and the preaching and prosecution of Sacheverel created a sensation unfavorable to its continuance. On the next visit of the duke to England, he found that the duchess, by her great arrogance, had so disgusted the queen, that a total breach had ensued; and though he was still received with public honors, he could by no means boast of his former influence. Early in 1710, he returned to the army, and, with prince Eugene, gained another victory over Villars, and took the towns of Douay, Aire and St. Venant. During his absence, a new ministry was chosen, composed of men hostile to him and his views, and, on his return, he was consequently expected to resign; but this he would not do, and, dissembling his indignation, again repaired to the field, and signalized himself by the capture of Bouchain. Finding that he would not resign his command, it was taken from him; and a prosecution was even commenced against him for applying the public money to private purposes. Disgusted by this gross ingratitude, he repaired to the Low Countries, where he was received with the greatest honor. He returned a short time before the queen's death, and, on the accession of George I, was restored to favor, and reinstated in the supreme military command. The last public transaction, in which he took a part, was the defeat of the rebellion, in 1715, in which his advice was taken. Retiring from all public employments, his mental faculties gradually decayed, and, falling into second childhood, he died at Windsor Lodge, in 1722, in the 73d year of his age, leaving four daughters, who married into families of the first distinction. He was

rather a man of solid sense than of genius, and was gifted with great coolness and self-possession. He was not even moderately conversant in literature, but so well versed in all courtly arts, that he always acquitted himself with honor in the delicate negotiations in which he was employed. His proficiency in the graces is said by lord Chesterfield to have been the chief cause of these successes. But his fame rests chiefly upon his military talents, of which he gave most illustrious proofs. As regards his morals, he seems to have been much guided by interest; and it does not appear that he ever ceased intriguing with the Stuart family, whose restoration seemed at one time far from improbable. Neither does his connexion with the whigs appear to have been sincere, for, according to Macpherson, he held a correspondence with lord Bolingbroke, hoping to be restored to power through the influence of the tory ministry. His avarice was equally notorious with his ambition; yet it does not appear that he ever made an unjust use of his ascendency. His political enemy, the celebrated earl of Peterborough, pronounced his eulogy in these words: "He was so great a man that I have forgotten his faults"-a sentence which, upon the whole, tolerably well conveys the judgment of posterity. His duchess has been almost equally celebrated for her boundless ambition and avarice. She died in 1744, having amassed immense riches. She presented Mr. Hooke with £5,000 to write a book, entitled An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, and bequeathed £500 to Mallet to write the life of the duke! In 1788, a selection of curious papers was published by lord Hailes, under the title of The Opinions of Sarah Duchess of Marlborough. The duchess was the Atossa in Pope's Satire on Women.

CHURCHILL, Charles, a poet and satirist of great temporary fame, was the son of the curate of St. John's, Westminster, in which parish he was born, in 1731. He was educated at Westminster school, but made so bad a use of his time, that he was refused admission at the university of Oxford, from his want of classical knowledge. He accordingly returned to school, but soon closed his education by an imprudent marriage with a young lady in the neighborhood. He, however, studied in private, and was at length admitted into holy orders by the bishop of London, and received a Welsh curacy of £30 a year. In order to increase this scanty in