dren of Rhea Sylvia, being nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, Faustulus's wife, having brought them up.

ĤERSILIA, the wife of Romulus, the first king of Rome. After her death, she was deified, and worshipped under the names of Horta and Orta.

TITUS, TATIUS, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the combatants, and an agreement was made between the two nations. Tatius consented to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects, the inhabitants of Cures, to come and live in Rome. He shared the royal authority with Romulus, and lived in the greatest union. He was murdered about six years after, at Lanuvion, B. C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order of his royal colleague, according to some authors.

TARPEIA, a vestal virgin, who betrayed the citadel of Rome to the Sabines, on condition they should give her the golden bracelets on their arms, which they did, and she was killed with the weight of them. From her name the mountain was called Tarpeian.

NUMA, second king of Rome, a Sabine, the son of Pompilius Pompo, a person of illustrious family. The Sabines at this time were distinguished for the simplicity and strictness of their manners; and Numa, whose nrind was improved by the philosophy which he had imbibed in his youth, became himself eminent for wisdom and virtue. Such was the reputation of Numa, that Tatius, the Sabine associate of Romulus in his kingdom, bestowed upon him his daughter. At the death of Romulus the Romans fixed upon him as their king, and two senators were deputed to acquaint him of the fact. Numa at first refused their offer, but was at length prevailed upon, with much difficulty, to accept the crown. He was not, like Romulus, fond of the arts and practice of war, but applied himself to tame the ferocity of his subjects, to inculcate a reverence for the Deity, and to quell their dissensions, by dividing all the citizens into different classes. He established different orders of priests, and encouraged the report which was spread of his paying regular visits to the nymph Egeria, making use of her name to give sanction to the laws and institutions which he had introduced. He impressed upon the Romans the idea that the safety of the empire depended on the preservation of the sacred shield, which, it was then generally believed, fell from heaven. He dedicated new temples, particularly that of Janus, which was to remain shut in the time of peace, and to stand open in

time of war. He made several laws for the reformation of manners, and promoted agriculture, by assigning portions of the conquered lands to those who had no other occupation. He endeavoured to break the distinction which subsisted, when he came to the crown, between the Romans and Sabines, by distributing the citizens, generally, into companies, according to their trades and occupations, thus uniting the individuals of the two nations by the subordinate ties of communities of interest and employment. Another reform he attempted, which appears not only wonderful, but almost beyond belief, had we not ample evidence as to the fact; this was the reformation of the calendar, the principle of which was the division of the year into twelve lunar months, which he made correspond with the course of the sun by intercalations. Numa likewise marked out the boundaries of the Roman territories, which Romulus had declined doing; and, therefore, seemed to renounce the idea of future aggrandizement by the operation of warfare. His whole reign was wholly pacific; and had his successors been like himself, Rome would have been ranked only among the petty states of Italy; he may, however, be justly denominated one of the founders of the Roman greatness, from the stability which he conferred on the constitution by his civil and religious institutes. He died, after a reign of forty-three years, having arrived at the age of eighty-three. Previously to his death he ordered his body to be interred in a stone coffin, contrary to the custom of the times, and his book of ceremonies, which consisted of twelve in Latin, and as many in Greek, to be buried by his side. These, it was said, was taken up about 400 years after; and, because it was thought impious to communicate the mysteries they contained to the common people, they were burnt by order of the senate. He left behind him one daughter, called Pompilia, who married Marcius Numa, and became the mother of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.

TULLUS HOSTILIUS, was elected king of Rome, after the death of Numa, in the year B. C. 672. He began his reign with rendering himself popular, by dividing a portion of the regal lands amongst those who had no such property; but deviating from the course pursued by his pacific predecessors, he contrived, by a stratagem, to engage the Romans in a war with the Albans. The Albans declining a combat, Tullus proposed a union between Rome and Alba, and for the accomplishment of this object, that the principal Alban families should settle at Rome. To this proposal the Albans objected, but it was agreed that the superiority of either city should be decided by a combat between three persons of each city. The superiority of Rome having been thus determined, Tullus proceeded to punish the federates, for their alleged misconduct in the Alban wars; and having summoned Mettius Fuffetius, the Alban dicVOL. I.

tator, to join him with the troops of his nation, the dictator apparently complied, but in an engagement that ensued, proved treacherous. The Romans, however, obtained a complete victory. Tullus and Mettius practised the same kind of dissimulation; whilst the former courteously received the congratulations of the latter, he sent a body of troops to demolish the city of Alba in the absence of its soldiers, and at the same time ordered the Roman and Alban troops to attend him in his camp unarmed, but he privately instructed the Romans to provide themselves with swords under their garments. Charging Mettius with perfidy, he ordered him to be seized, and to be fastened between two chariots, and thus to be torn asunder, as an emblem of his attempt to dissolve the union of the two states. His accomplices were also put to the sword. The rest of the Albans were conveyed to Rome, and henceforth formed one people with the Romans. Alba, with the exception of its temple, was razed; and for the accommodation of these new inhabitants, Mount Cælius was taken into the compass of Rome.

Having subdued the Fudenates, Tullus made war against the Sabines, and conquered them, and then summoned the Latin towns dependent upon Alba to acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, whose country, on their refusal, he invaded. In his old age, however, he exchanged his military prowess for the weakness of superstition; and terrified by prodigies and apprehended tokens of the displeasure of the gods, he had recourse to a variety of expiatory rites. The manner in which his life terminated has been differently represented. Some say that his palace was struck by lightning, which destroyed him and his family; whilst others have charged his murder on Ancus Marcius, his successor, who is also suspected of having set fire to his palace. He died, however, after a reign of thirtythree years, during which he enlarged the size and population of Rome, with little addition to its territories.

MARCIUS NUMA, the son-in-law of Numa Pompilius, aud the father of king Ancus, was made governor of Rome by Tullus Hostilius.

SEQUINIUS, an illustrious citizen of Alba, had two daughters; one married to Curiatius, a citizen of Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome. These two sisters were brought to bed on the same day, each of three male children, who were at this interesting period in the same flower of their age, and remarkable for their strength and dexterity. The Alban general having fixed on the three Curiatii, the king of Rome had his attention directed to the three Horatii, proposed the matter to them, who consulted their father on the occasion. The father, dreading the event, and apprised of the betrothment of one of his daughters to one of the Curiatii, he

sitated for some time in complying with the wishes of his sons; but the love of his country ultimately prevailing over every other consideration, he left his sons to their own choice. When he was informed that in imitation of the Curiatii, they preferred a glorious death, or an important victory, to an inglorious life, he lifted up his eyes to heaven, and, embracing his children, exclaimed, "I am a happy father!" and then commanded them to announce to the king his consent.

The combat of the Horatii and the Curiatii being proclaimed in both camps, Tullus led the former, and Fuffetius the latter, whilst the people strewed the way, as they passed, with flowers, and put garlands on their heads; for they were considered as victims, who had voluntarily devoted themselves for their country. A plain lying between the two camps was chosen for the combat; and the two kings advanced with their champions and heralds to the middle, where, before the combat began, they concluded a treaty, which served as a pattern for most of the treaties that were ever after made by the Romans. When this solemnity was finished, the champions advanced with a slow pace towards each other; and before they commenced the hostile attack, they embraced each other with all the expression of the most tender and sincere friendship. The spectators shed tears at the sight, and muttered complaints against the kings for causing such affectionate relations to shed the blood of one another. The tenderness of the young heroes, however, did not abate their courage; each of them resumed his arms, and selected his adversary. The combat then began with great impetuosity; the noise of their arms was heard at a great distance, and the air resounded with a confused mixture of shouts and acclamations from both camps, as either of the combatants appeared to have the advantage. The victory was long held in suspense, by the skill and valour of the combatants. At length the eldest of the Horatii received a mortal wound, and fell. At this sight the Albans triumphed, and the Romans were thrown into great consternation, which was soon followed by despair when they saw the second Horatius, pierced through by another of the Curiatii, expire on the body of his brother. However, the three Alban brothers were wounded, and the surviving Horatius appeared unhurt and vigorous. Thinking he was an unequal match for the three brothers together, he had recourse to a stratagem, and retreated as if he fled. Upon this the Curiatii pursued him at different distances, as their respective strength allowed; Horatius perceived the success of his stratagem, and that they were separated from each other, hastily returned, and slew them all singly, before one could advance to the assistance of the other; and, elated with his victory, seized the spoils of the vanquished:-the Roman camp in the meanwhile resounding with joyful acclamations in honour

which we find sufficiently attested; it must be owned, that the world at that time had few to compare with Abaris.

GEBER, or GIABER, a celebrated philosopher, chemist, and mathematician of Arabia, supposed to have been the inventor of Algebra. He is said to be the author of several tracts on chemistry, or rather alchemy.

PITTAČUS, was a philosopher as well as warrior. He is placed under the head of philosophy, as he is reckoned among the seven sages of Greece. He was born at Mitylene, in Lesbos, about the year 650 B. C. In a war between his countrymen and the Athenians, he challenged to a single combat their general Phrymon, a man of great strength, who had been a victor in the Olympic games, and vanquished him by means of a concealed net, which he threw over the enemy's head. As a reward for his valour he was offered a very large tract of land, which he had recovered from the enemy, but he would accept no more than he could measure by a single cast of the javelin, and of this even he consecrated half to Apollo. He afterwards expelled the tyrant Melanthius from Mitylene; and having liberated his country, was placed by his fellow citizens at its head. He now governed with as much wisdom as he had fought with bravery. He enacted many useful laws, and in order that he might be the better remembered he comprehended them in 600 verses. In one of these he gave a severe check to the propensity of the people to drunkenness, by enjoining a double punishment for crimes committed in that state. After having held the reins of government during ten years with high reputation, he resigned his authority, and spent the remainder of his life in study and retirement. He died about the year 570 B. C. The maxim's of Pittacus were held in such high esteem, that many of them were inscribed upon the walls of the temple of Delphi. The following may be given as specimens of them: "Power discovers the man;" "Whatever you do, do it well;" "Be watchful for opportunities."

POETRY.

CALLINUS, of Ephesus, a very ancient Greek poet, inventor of elegiac verse; some specimens of which are to be found in the collection of Stobæus. He flourished B. C. 776.

EUMELUS, one of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B. C. 750.

CARMENTA, or NICOSTRATA, an ancient poetess of Latium; flourished before the foundation of Rome, in which afterwards divine honours were paid her. It is supposed to be from her name that verses were named Carmina by the Latins.