tinguished characters of the day, among whom were Linnæus, Gronovius, the earl of Macclesfield, doctor Franklin, &c. Mr. Colden always took great delight in the study of botany. His descriptions of between three and four hundred American plants were published in the Acta Upsaliensia. He paid attention also to the climate, and left a long course of diurnal observations on the thermometer, barometer and winds.

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor; an English poet, born in 1773, at Ottery St. Mary, in Devonshire, where his father, who. had a numerous family, was a clergyman. By the influence of friends, Coleridge, who was the youngest son, was admitted into the Blue-coat school, as it is called, Christ's hospital, London, a well-known charitable institution. Here he received an excellent education, and distinguished himself, even then, by uncommon talents and by his eccentricities. In his 19th year, he entered Jesus' college, Cambridge. Poetry and metaphysics were his favorite studies. A volume of his poetical attempts appeared in 1794, and excited great expectations, which he has but partially satisfied, owing to his invincible indolence and fickleness. In the same year appeared his Fall of Robespierre, a historical drama, which was well received. He did not escape the enthusiasm for liberty and equality, which then prevailed. At Oxford, he met with congenial spirits in the poet Southey, since so celebrated, and Robert Lovell. The three young enthusiasts left the academical halls with the view of reforming the political world. They agreed to begin in Bristol. Coleridge delivered lectures on the approaching happiness of the human race by means of republicanism, with unbounded applause from many enthusiastic young people. Conciones ad Populum, or Addresses to the People, and a Protest against certain bills then pending, for suppressing seditious meetings, also excited a great sensation in Bristol. In other cities, he was less successful, and his journal, the Watchman, attracted but little notice. He was indemnified by the success of a second volume of poems, which passed through several editions. Despairing of the reform of the old world, the young preachers of liberty took the resolution of carrying their theory into execution in the new, by the foundation of a state, which should bear the name of Pantisocracy. It was a great pity that this project was broken off by their acquaintance with three beautiful sisters, of the name of Fricker, whom Coleridge, Southey and Lovell mar

ried. Coleridge took up his abode in Nether-Stowey, near Bridgewater, where he formed an intimacy with the poet Wordsworth. Having no fixed support, he suffered some pecuniary embarrassments, but was fortunately relieved by the celebrated Messrs. Wedgewood, who enabled him to complete his studies in Germany. He learned German in Ratzeburg. His Biographia Literaria (London, 1817, 2 vols.) gives some account of his residence in Germany. Among other things, it contains some remarks on Ebeling, and an account of a conversation with Klopstock (2d vol., page 237–253), in which the latter gives his opinion of Lessing, Göthe, Wieland, Kotzebue and others. Coleridge then went by the way of Hanover to Göttingen, where he attended the lectures of Blumenbach and Eichhorn. After his return, he wrote the leading articles for the Morning Post, translated some dramas of Schiller, and accompanied sir Alexander Ball, as secretary, to Malta. He returned from thence, however, without having obtained any permanent situation. He lives, at present, in private, and seems to suffer all the disadvantages of a literary life, against which he warns others in his biography. He gives lectures, which reward him but poorly, though his talents are universally acknowledged. The London booksellers, by whom his labors would be well received, complain that he cannot confine himself to any regular work. His Christabel has fine passages, and was very highly praised by lord Byron. The miscellaneous essays, which he published under the title of the Friend, are his most popular productions. He contributes to the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. A list of his works is to be found in the Biographical Dictionary of the living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland, and his likeness (with a

He

biographical notice) in the New Monthly Magazine of April, 1819. Coleridge is considered, among his countrymen, as a wild and eccentric genius. For German literature he has a great predilection. Schiller and Göthe are his favorites. is also well acquainted with German criticism, and seems to belong to the school of the Schlegels. He has an antipathy to French literature almost amounting to a passion.

COLIBRI. (See Humming-Bird.)

COLIC (from @lov, colon, the name of one of the intestines). The appellation of colic is commonly given to all pains in the abdomen, almost indiscriminately; but, from the different causes and circumstances of this disorder, it is differently

denominated. When the pain is accompanied with a vomiting of bile, or with obstinate costiveness, it is called a bilious colic; if flatus causes the pain, that is, if attended with temporary distention, relieved by the discharge of wind, it takes the name of flatulent or windy colic; when accompanied with heat and inflammation, it takes the name of inflammatory colic, or enteritis. When this disease arises to a violent height, and is attended with obstinate costiveness, and an evacuation of fæces by the mouth, it is called passio iliaca, or iliac passion. Doctor Cullen enumerates seven species of colic. One of the most important is the colica pictonum. This is called, from the places where it is endemial, the Poictou, the Surinam, the Devonshire colic; from its victims, the plumbers' and the painters' colic; from its symptoms, the dry belly-ache, the nervous and spasmodic colic. It has been attributed to the poison of lead, and this is undoubtedly the cause, when it occurs to glaziers, painters, and those employed in lead works; but, though this is one, it is by no means the only cause. In Devonshire, it certainly more often arises from the early cider, made of harsh, unripe fruit, and in the West Indies from new rum. The characteristics of this disease are, obstinate costiveness, with a vomiting of an acrid or porraceous bile, pains about the region of the navel, shooting from thence to each side with excessive violence, strong convulsive spasms in the intestines, and a tendency to a paralysis of the extremities. It is occasioned by long-continued costiveness; by an accumulation of acrid bile; by cold applied either to the extremities, or to the belly itself; by a free use of unripe fruits, and by great irregularity in the mode of living. From its occurring frequently in Devonshire, and other cider countries, it has been supposed to arise from an impregnation of lead received into the stomach; but this seems to be a mistake, as it is a very prevalent disease in the West Indies likewise, where no cider is made, and where there is only a very small quantity of lead in the mills employed to extract the juice from the sugar-canes. One or other of the causes just enumerated may justly be said always to give rise to this species of colic. The dry belly-ache is always attended with some degree of danger, which is in proportion to the violence of the symptoms, and the duration of the disease. Even when it does not prove fatal, it is too apt to terminate in palsy, and to leave behind it contractions of the hands and feet, with an inability in their muscles to perform

their office; and in this miserable state of existence, the patient lingers out many wretched years.

COLIGNY, Gaspard de, admiral of France, born in 1516, at Chatillon-sur-Loin, distinguished himself, under Francis I., in the battle of Cerisoles, and under Henry II., who made him colonel-general of the French infantry, and, in 1552, admiral of France. He was distinguished for valor in battle, for strict discipline, and for his conquests over the Spaniards, in particular for his defence of St. Quentin. When St. Quentin was taken by storm, the admiral was made prisoner. After the death of Henry II, the intrigues of Catharine de' Medici induced him to place himself at the head of the Calvinists against the Guises. He formed so powerful a party, that the Catholic religion in France seemed to be in danger. Condé was more ambitious, enterprising, active; Coligny more considerate, prudent, and more fit to be the leader of a party; equally unfortunate in war with Condé, but skilled in remedying even what appeared irretrievable losses, and more to be feared after a defeat than his enemies after a victory, he was, besides, endowed with virtues, which he practised as far as party spirit and the violence of the times permitted him. The first battle between the Huguenots and Catholics (1562, at Dreux) was lost by the admiral, but he saved his army. When the duke of Guise was murdered at the siege of Orleans, he was accused of being the author of the murder, but he cleared himself by an oath: it was unnecessary, the nobleness of his spirit raising him above suspicion. The civil war recommenced with increased fury, in 1567. Coligny and Condé encountered the constable Montmorency at St. Denis. This indecisive action was followed by the battle of Jarnac (in 1569), which was fatal to the Calvinists. Condé fell, and the whole burden of command devolved on Coligny. He alone sustained his party, and was beaten again at Moncontour, without, however, losing his courage. An advantageous peace seemingly put a stop to this contest (1570). Coligny appeared at court, and was, with his adherents, loaded with favors. Charles IX gave him 100,000 francs, as an indemnification for his injuries, together with a seat in the council. From all sides he was warned not to trust to these caresses. As the admiral was leaving the Louvre, Aug. 22, 1572, his right hand and left arm were wounded by a shot from a window. A certain Maurenel had fired at him from a building belonging to the

monastery of St. Germain l'Auxerrois, according to the plan of Catharine de' Medici, probably with the knowledge of the duke of Guise. Charles testified the deepest sorrow, caused search to be made for the assassin, and said to Coligny, "My father, you have the wounds, but I the pain." This he said at a moment when the massacre of the Protestants was already prepared. The slaughter began on the night of St. Bartholomew's, Aug. 24, 1572. (See Bartholomew's Day, Saint.) The duke of Guise hastened with a numerous suite to the house of the admiral. A certain Behme, or Besme, at their head, entered with his drawn sword into the chamber of the old man, who, sitting in an easy chair, said, with a calm mien, to their leader, “Young man, my gray hairs ought to command thy respect; but do as thou pleasest; thou canst shorten my life but a few days;" upon which the wretch pierced him with several stabs, and threw the body out of the window into the court-yard. The corpse was given up for three days to the fury of the people, and finally was hung up by the feet on a gibbet, at Montfaucon. Montmorency, a cousin of Coligny, caused it to be taken down, and had it secretly buried in the chapel of the castle of Chantilly. An Italian carried the head to Catharine, who ordered it to be embalmed and sent to Rome.

COLIN, also COLLIN; a town in Bohemia, with 4400 inhabitants, 11 leagues from Prague, famous on account of the battle which Frederic the Great lost here, June 18, 1757, the first which he lost in the seven years' war. Colin is also known for the precious stones found there.

COLISEUM; a gigantic ruin in Rome. This building, which was 1612 feet in circumference, and contained 80 arcades, was the greatest amphitheatre which Roman magnificence ever erected. It was built by Vespasian, and is said to have been erected in one year by the compulsory labor of 12,000 Jews and Christians. Authors rank it above the pyramids of Egypt, and other wonderful works of the ancient world. It is said to have held about 110,000 spectators, of whom above 90,000 were seated. For the greater part, it consists of travertino, and has three rows of columns, one above the other; the lowest is the Doric, the second, the Ionic, and the highest, of the Corinthian order. Down to the 13th century, this monument of ancient grandeur remained almost uninjured; afterwards pope Paul II took all the stones from it which were used for the construc

tion of the palace of St. Mark, and, in later times, some other palaces were erected from its fragments. At present, care is taken not to touch the ruins of the Coliseum, but it is gradually crumbling away of itself, and in a few centuries, perhaps, nothing more may be seen of its upper part; the lower part, however, will last for ever. The enclosures in which the wild animals were kept are still standing, and remind us of the times when their builders were devoured by the beasts, to gratify the savage taste of the people. Benedict XIV caused a cross to be erected in the centre of the arena, where, every Sunday afternoon, Catholic worship is performed. A hermit resides in these vast ruins. The Coliseum received its name from the colossal statue of Nero, which was placed in it. There is in Rome a model of the Coliseum, as it was when complete, on a pretty large scale. The traveller, after having viewed this immense building by day light, should return to gaze again by the light of the moon, when its grandeur is really amazing.-Very recently, an enormous structure, called Coliseum, has been erected in Regent's park, London, chiefly by a Mr. Horner. It is divided into three parts-the panorama, or grand view of London, of which many points of view are afforded by the ascent of a winding staircase (for people who do not want the trouble of walking up, an ascending room is provided); the suites of rooms for subscribers, and the conservatory with greenhouses and fairy creations. The whole shows great ingenuity, applied to objects of comparatively little importance.

COLLATERAL RELATIONS (collaterales); descendants of brothers or sisters, or the brothers or sisters of the ascending lines. In politics, collateral lines have often played an important part; and great jealousies have frequently existed between the collateral lines of a ruling family.

COLLATION is the comparison of manuscripts, in order to ascertain the true reading of an author. This is often a very important operation, as manuscripts were frequently made by people who did not understand what they wrote, or wrote very carelessly. Among the moderns, the Germans have done most in collation; for instance, Emanuel Bekker, of Berlin, for Plato; Niebuhr and Bluhme, for various authors in the libraries of Italy; G. H. Pertz, in regard to manuscripts relating to the early history of Germany, in the Italian and German libraries.

COLLE, Charles; a dramatic poet, born

the teachers. Of the collegers in Eton, the best scholar in the highest class is admitted into the first vacant place of King's college at Cambridge as a scholar, and then becomes, in three years, a fellow, i. e., is provided for during life. (See Ackermann's History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, Westminster, &c., London, 1817, and his History of Westminster Abbey, and of the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with copperplates.) Classical literature is the chief object of instruction; hence the general knowledge which, in England, men of the highest rank and of the greatest wealth possess of Grecian and Roman literature, exhibited in the frequent quotations from the classics, in parliament, which, in any other country, would appear somewhat pedantic. The lectures on scientific subjects are meager, compared with those of the continental universities, and afford scarcely the necessary hints for private study. The colleges are less institutions for education than learned republics with an orderly gradation of classes, of which one influences the other, and which are intimately connected with the spirit of the nation. (See Universities.) The English universities exercise no small influence upon the ecclesiastical and political establishments of that country, and have certainly contributed much to the national disposition for adhering steadily, and sometimes obstinately, to ancient establishments, customs and views. The old universities, therefore, have been thought, by a large number of enlightened and liberal men, not to answer the demands of the age. To meet these demands, they have established the London university. (q. v.) This again, on the same principle on which the Protestant reformation led to many salutary reforms among the Catholics, induced another party (the churchmen) to establish in the English metropolis the King's college. (q. v.)

In France, there are royal colleges in all large towns, corresponding to what are called, in Germany, gymnasia. In the small towns, the colleges are called colleges communaux. These are private establishments, aided by the commune, and subject to the surveillance of the public authorities. In Paris, there are five royal colleges collège royal de Louis-le-Grand, col. roy. de Henry IV, col. roy. de St. Louis, col. roy. de Bourbon, col. roy. de Charlemagne. Besides these, there is the collège royal de France, which deserves the name of a university. It was instituted in 1529, by Francis I, at the solicitation of Budæus.

(q. v.) Louis XVIII established in this college a chair of Tartar-Mantchou and Chinese languages, and one of the Sanscrit. 21 professors, among whom there are always some of the most distinguished men, lecture in this college, publicly and gratuitously. Their lectures embrace, besides the branches of science generally taught in universities, the Turkish, Persian, Arabic, Chaldaic, Syriac, Chinese, Sanscrit and Tartar-Mantchou languages.

American Colleges. The course of instruction in all the American colleges is completed in four years. Certain qualifications are demanded of candidates for admission, which vary, according to the regulations of the different colleges. These embrace, for admission to the principal colleges, a good knowledge of English grammar, arithmetic, some acquaintance with geography, an ability to read the easier Latin authors, and some progress in the study of Greek. The rules of each college name the authors which the candidate shall have read, and in these he is required to undergo a satisfactory examination, to entitle him to admission. The greatest number of pupils are admitted at about the age of 14 years. The course of instruction varies, in many respects, in the different colleges, but in its principal features, it is the same in all. This course embraces a further study of the Latin and Greek languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, rhetoric, and practice in English composition, moral and intellectual philosophy, and some treatise of natural law and the law of nations. In some colleges, provision is made for the study of Hebrew and of several modern languages; but these are not among the required studies. Some of the colleges have additional departments for instruction in medicine, theology or law. Harvard university embraces all three of these departments, in which students are prepared for entering on these several professions. The number of professors and teachers in the several colleges varies according to the number of pupils and the funds of the college. In Harvard college, there are in the academical departments eight professors and six tutors and other teachers; in the theological school, two professors, in addition to the professors in the other departments, who assist in the instructions of this school; in the law school, two professors, and in the medical school, four. In Yale college, there are five professors and six tutors, besides the professors of the theological and medical schools. In most of the colleges, the offi