uerisimile erat etiam emptorem uelle impendi. hoc amplius Labeo ait et si quid in funus mortui serui impensum sit, ex uendito consequi oportere, si modo sine culpa uenditoris mortem obierit.

23. Item si conuenerit, cum res ueniret, ut locuples ab emptore reus detur, ex uendito agi posse, ut id fiat.

24. Si inter emptorem praediorum et uenditorem conuenisset, ut, si ea praedia emptor heresue eius pluris uendidisset, eius partem dimidiam uenditori praestaret et heres emptoris pluris ea praedia uendidisset, uenditorem et uendito agendo partem eius, quo pluris uendidisset, consecuturum.

25. Si procurator uendiderit et cauerit emptori, quaeritur, an domino uel aduersus dominum actio dari debeat. et Papinianus libro tertio responsorum putat cum domino ex empto agi posse utili actione ad exemplum institoriae actionis, si modo rem uendendam mandauit: ergo et per contrarium dicendum est utilem ex empto actionem domino competere.

26. Ibidem Papinianus respondisse se refert, si conuenerit, ut ad diem pretio non soluto uenditori duplum praestaretur, in fraudem constitutionum uideri adiectum, quod usuram legitimam excedit diuersamque causam commissoriae esse ait, cum ea specie, inquit, non faenus illicitum contrahatur, sed lex contractui non improbata dicatur.

§ 24. Cp. D. 18. 1. 7, 2, supra p. 23.

§ 25. As to the actio institoria, see Inst. iv. 7, §§ 2, 5-8. The exigencies of commerce led to a limited recognition of the agency of free persons in the later law. A shipmaster (magister nauis) could enter into contracts for behoof of the vessel so as to bind the owner or charterer, and a manager in charge of a shop or other business (institor) was an agent within the line of the business; the parties with whom they contracted could sue their principals directly. It appears from a few texts such as this that action by and against the principal was allowed in some other cases on the analogy of the two above-mentioned. There has been much controversy as to the exact nature and limits of the system of free agency developed from this germ. In the circum

have been willing to pay for. Labeo goes so far as to say that the seller should recover by this action the expense of the funeral of a slave who has died, provided he came by his death through no fault on the seller's part.

23. Again, this action will lie for the enforcement of an agreement made at the time of the sale that the buyer should find a person of means to be surety.

24. If the buyer and seller of certain properties agree that if the purchaser or his heir shall sell the same for a higher price, they shall hand over to the seller one-half of the profit, and if the purchaser's heir does sell them for a higher price, the seller can recover his half of the profit by bringing the action on sale.

25. If an agent of the owner sells and gives security to the purchaser, the question arises whether the owner is the party to sue or be sued on the contract. Papinian expresses an opinion, in the third book of his Responsa, that the owner can be sued by a modified form of the action on purchase, on the analogy of the actio institoria, provided he gave authority to sell: whence it follows, conversely, that a modified form of the action on sale is competent to the owner.

26. In the same place, Papinian says he gave an opinion that an agreement to pay double the price in the event of failure to pay by the appointed term appeared to be in contravention of the imperial constitutions, in so far as it stipulates for more than the legal rate of interest; and he adds, that the lex commissoria is in a different position, for it does not stipulate for an illegal rate of interest, but attaches a perfectly proper condition to the contract.

stances here figured, it appears from D. 3. 3. 67 that the procurator was liable to the buyer under his warranty against eviction, even after he had given up the agency.

§ 26. As to the lex commissoria, see notes on D. 18. 1. 6, 1, supra p. 16 sq.

After many fluctuations in the legal rate of interest, Justinian fixed differential rates, ranging from 12 per cent. on maritime risks to 4 per cent. on agricultural loans (C. iv. 32. 26, 1). The covenant would be bad in the case here put, in so far as it

27. Si quis colludente procuratore meo ab eo emerit, an possit agere ex empto? et puto hactenus, ut aut stetur emptioni aut discedatur.

28. Sed et si quis minorem uiginti quinque annis circumuenerit, et huic hactenus dabimus actionem ex empto, ut diximus in superiore casu.

29. Si quis a pupillo sine tutoris auctoritate emerit, ex uno latere constat contractus: nam qui emit, obligatus est pupillo, pupillum sibi non obligat.

30. Si uenditor habitationem exceperit, ut inquilino liceat habitare, uel colono ut perfrui liceat ad certum tempus, magis esse Seruius putabat ex uendito esse actionem: denique Tubero ait, si iste colonus damnum dederit, emptorem ex empto agentem cogere posse uenditorem, ut ex locato cum colono experiatur, ut quidquid fuerit consecutus, emptori reddat.

31. Aedibus distractis uel legatis ea esse aedium solemus dicere, quae quasi pars aedium uel propter aedes habentur, ut puta putealia

Venditori si emptor in

stipulates for more than 12 per cent. pretio soluendo moram fecerit, usuras dumtaxat praestabit, non omne omnino, quod uenditor mora non facta consequi potuit, ueluti si negotiator fuit, et pretio soluto ex mercibus plus quam ex usuris quaerere potuit (D. 18. 6. 20); see note, p. 192 post.

§§ 27, 28. The party using the fraud is bound by the contract, if the party defrauded decides that it is his interest to affirm it.

§ 29. Ulpian may only mean that the buyer does not take the pupil bound in an actionable sense. The general opinion is that a contract made by a pupil without the concurrence of his tutor is a negotium claudicans, which the pupil can affirm or disaffirm at his option (p. 62). But it is contended by other writers that this view is not supported by the texts and is not in harmony with the spirit of Roman law, nam iniquum est non esse mihi cum illo actionem, si nolit, illi uero, si uelit, mecum (D. 17. 1. 3, 2). They hold that the effect of a contract between a pupil at his own hand and another person, is that the pupil is bound naturaliter to the full extent, but civiliter only so far as he has been enriched by it, while the other contractor is liable in the fullest

4

27. If a man buys from my agent in collusion with him, can he bring an action on purchase? I think he can, to the effect

of compelling me to hold or reject the sale.

28. Also, if a man defrauds a minor, under twenty-five years. of age, we will give him an action on purchase to the same effect as in the preceding case.

29. If a person buys from a pupil without the concurrence of his tutor, the contract is binding only on the one side the buyer is under obligation to the pupil, but the pupil is under no obligation to him.

30. If the seller reserves a right of habitation for a tenant, or liberty to take the fruits up to a certain period in favour of a lessee, Servius held the more correct opinion to be, that an action on sale was competent: Tubero adds that if the tenant does any damage the buyer can bring the action on purchase to compel the seller to proceed against the tenant by the action on hire, and to hand over to him what he recovers.

31. When a house is sold or bequeathed as a legacy, the practice is to count as accessories of the building all that is possessed as part of or for the purposes of the house, for example, the case enclosing a well,

sense for everything he undertook: pupillus uendendo sine tutoris auctoritate non obligetur, sed nec in emendo, nisi in quantum locupletior factus est (D. 26. 8. 5, 1): idem potest quaeri, si sine tutoris auctoritate pactus fuerit, ut discedatur ab emptione, an perinde sit, atque si ab initio sine tutoris auctoritate emisset, ut scilicet ipse non teneatur, sed agente eo retentiones competant? (D. 18. 5. 7, 1; cp. D. 3. 5. 3, 4; Inst. i. 21 pr.). The other contractor thus acquires a counter-claim against the pupil, which he can make effectual by putting in a plea of compensation or retention in respect of the full sum, when the pupil brings his action against him. See Vangerow, § 279.

§ 30. For other examples of action at the instance of A against B to compel him to sue C, and to hand over what was recovered, see D. 19. 2. 60, 5; D. 47. 2. 52, 8.

§ 31. Putealia means the case or enclosure protecting the mouth of a well.

14. POMPONIUS libro XXXI ad Quintum Mucium.

(id est quo puteum operitur),

15. ULPIANUS libro XXXII ad edictum.

`lines1 et labra, salientes; fistulae quoque, quae salientibus iunguntur, quamuis longe excurrant extra aedificium, aedium sunt: item canales: pisces autem qui sunt in piscina non sunt aedium nec fundi,

16. POMPONIUS libro XXXI ad Quintum Mucium.

non magis quam pulli aut cetera animalia, quae in fundo sunt.

17. ULPIANUS libro XXXII ad edictum.

Fundi nihil est, nisi quod terra se tenet: aedium autem multa esse, quae aedibus adfixa non sunt, ignorari non oportet, ut puta seras claues claustra: multa etiam defossa esse neque tamen fundi aut uillae haberi, ut puta uasa uinaria torcularia, quoniam haec instrumenti magis sunt, etiamsi aedificio cohaerent.

1. Sed et uinum et fructus perceptos uillae non esse constat. 2. Fundo uendito uel legato sterculinum et stramenta emptoris et 2 legatarii sunt, ligna autem uenditoris uel heredis, quia non sunt fundi, tametsi ad eam rem comparata sunt. in sterculino autem distinctio Trebatii probanda est, ut, si quidem stercorandi agri causa comparatum sit, emptorem sequatur, si uendendi, uenditorem, nisi si aliud actum est: nec interest, in stabulo iaceat an aceruus sit.

L. 15.-Lines is the reading of F; lacus (after decaμevai of Basil.) and funes are suggested emendations. Some kind of vessel is meant in any case. Salientes means springs or fountains (cp. D. 33. 7. 12, 24). As to fistulae, see p. 128 ante. As to possession of fish in a pond, see D. 41. 2. 3, 14; fish kept alive in a tank or aquarium till wanted are in possession, but fish in a pond having their natural liberty are not.

L. 17 pr.—Instrumentum differs from pars fundi in not being 1 lenes? (Mom., cp. D. 8. 5. 17, 1).

2 uel?